Tungsten hexaaryloxide complexes of formula W(OAr)6 (Ar = C6H5, 1; C6H4F-4, 2; C6H3F2-3,4, 3) have been synthesized by the reaction of W(O)Cl4 and ArOH in 22−28% yield. The complexes were characterized by 1H, 13C, 19F, and 183W NMR (1, δ = −474.8; 2, δ = −416.3; 3, δ = −446.3), melting point (1, 95 °C; 2, 101 °C; 3, 105 °C), IR, microanalysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (octahedral coordination). Aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition of W(OAr)6 using acetone and toluene solvents and substrate temperatures from 300 to 500 °C produced blue tungsten oxide films on glass substrates. The films were analyzed by glancing angle powder diffraction and shown to be amorphous at 300 °C, but consisted of crystalline WO3-x at higher deposition temperature. Annealing the films from 1 at 550 °C in air for 30 min produced yellow γ-WO3 with preferred growth in the [020] direction.

Raman analysis of the as-formed films showed WO3-x with evidence for WV−WVI paired ions. Annealed samples produced Raman patterns for γ-WO3 (807, 715, 273, and 133 cm-1). The films were adhesive to the substrate, conformal, passed the Scotch tape test, and gave good coverage. Typical growth rates were 20−50 nm min-1. SEM showed uniform films consistent with an island growth mechanism. Energy dispersive analysis confirmed the presence of only tungsten and oxygen. XPS showed that the as-formed films were WO3-x (x ≈ 0.22) with binding energy shifts for W 4f5/2 at 37.2 and 4f7/2 34.4 eV and for oxygen 1s at 532.6 eV. The as-formed films had an absorption maxima at 320−360 nm (dependent on film thickness) and an onset for absorption at 400 nm. Reflectance/transmission measurements produced interference fringes that enabled a calculation of film thickness. In general the films showed good transmission from 500 to 1000 nm (60%) and some reflectivity (ca. 20%) over the same region. After annealing, the absorption edge was pushed more into the visible and the films showed evidence for some scattering associated with haze. The blue WO3-x films showed negligible photocatalytic activity. The annealed, yellow WO3 films were active photocatalysts and readily destroyed an overlayer of stearic acid.

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Continued:

11. Less burning: The sintering temperature of the products is too low or the sintering time is too short to make the product does not meet the required sintering properties.

      12. Stratification: Products compacts or the layered defect in sintered body and the defect itself.

13. Cracks: The irregular interface and shades of cracks in the surface, corner and bottom of products.

14. Impurity: The small pores or inclusions observed in the section of the products by LP (low-powered) microscope.

       15. Porosity: The ratio of total pore volume and the products volume.

       16. Non-combined carbon: The free graphite in the structure of tungsten carbide.

17. Dirt degree: The length is no less than 50 μm and has clear edge, pore observed by 100-100 times metallurgical microscope is called as dirt, which the total length of all the dirt on grinding every square centimeter of (cm²) is called dirt degree.

       18. Some visible pits with bright bottom on the surface of tungsten carbide ball.
















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Tungsten carbide ball national standard illustrates the size and technical conditions of every tolerance levels tungsten carbide ball, which is widely used in instrument probe, special bearings and some other tungsten carbide ball manufacturing and tests. There are some defined terms, symbols and explained as follows:

1. Nominal diameter of the ball Dw

2. Single diameter of the ball Dw_s

3. The average diameter of the ball Dw_m

4. The diameter variation of ball V_Dws

5. Spherical error△S_pu

6. Batch L（Lot）

7. The average diameter of the batch D_Wml

8. The diameter variation of the batch V_Dwl

9. Tolerance level of the ball

10. The deviation of the batch average diameter: The D-value between the average diameter of the batch and nominal diameter.














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2.3 Cutting test

Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of the experimental set-up to evaluate cutting performance . The experiments were carried out without any coolant in a vertical machining center (MAKINO, V-55). Tool wear was measured by a CCD camera (PULNIX , X200 ), which was attached on the machine table. The cutting test was started with a fresh cutting tool, and the machining process was stopped at certain intervals of cutting length in order to measure the width of flank wear. Flank wear was obtained by the average value measured on three points of cutting edge within the axial cutting depth. The flank wear of 0.3 mm was used as a tool life criterion for a comparative evaluation of the TiN coating on the WC-Co substrate and the three types of the TiN coating tools with Co interlayer. The workpiece used in the experiment s was die steel (AIS I D2, 60 HRC). The experiments were carried out under cutting condition shown in Table 2 . The tool manufacture used at experimentation was made by Sung-Jin Tech Co. (Korea) as solid flat end-mill. To verify the goodness of fit for tool wear distribution, the best coated cutting tool was tested 18 times repeatedly. The probabilistic function of tool wear was analyzed by normal, log-norma l and Weibull distribution. The χ2 (chi- square d) test was also used to verify the goodness of fit. This test allows us to compare a collection of categorical data with some theoretical expected distributions

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2.2 Coating evaluation

The thickness of TiN coatings and interlayers was measured using a stylus ( α -ST EP) instrument and a scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi,S-4200). Hardness was determined using microhardness tester with Knoop indenter (Matsuzaw a, MMT-7) under a load of 25 g. The adhesion behavior between TiN coatings and WC-Co substrate was investigated with a scratch tester (J& L Tech , Scratch test JL ST022) using a Rockwell C diamond stylus (cone apex angle: 120°; tip radius: 200 μ m). During the scratch test, the stylus load was increased continuously up to 150 N with a loading rate (d L/d t ) of 3 N/s and a translation speed of 0.2 mm /s. The friction force (FF), friction coefficient (FC ) and acoustic emission (AE) signals were recorded. These investigations were complemented by observation of scratch track with the optical and SEM microscope (Olympus, PMG3-613U W/A cc) examination and a scanning electron microscope.

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TiN coatings were deposited onto WC-Co substrate by a hybrid coating system, where an arc ion plating (AIP) method was combined with a magnetron sputtering technique. The schematic diagram of the apparatus was depicted in previous work . The WC-Co substrates with WC particle size of 0.7 μm and Co content of 10 wt. % were machined into disc types of 25 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness. The substrates were thoroughly cleaned in an ultrasonic bath cleaner using acetone and alcohol for 20 min. Prior to deposition, the substrates were cleaned again by ion bombardment using a bias voltage of − 800 V under Ar atmosphere for 10 min. Thin Co interlayer  with various thicknesses were pre-deposited on the substrate by a d.c. magnetron sputtering technique using high purity (99.99%) Co targets. The interlayer thickness was controlled by sputtering time considering our back-data of thickness vs. sputtering time, where the thickness was measured with a stylus (α -STEP) and SEM. Right after pre-deposition of the interlayer, The TiN was coated with thickness o f ∼ 2.5 μm using an AIP technique. The typical deposition conditions are summarized in Table 1. The post annealing of samples was carried out at temperature range from 200 °C to 600 °C for 2 h in a vacuum chamber. The purity of used Ar and N2 gases was 99.999%.

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Diddle for Middle tungsten dart rule is a difficult game similar to x01. It is intended for two players of intermediate to advanced ability.

The Object: To be the first to score exactly 501 beginning and ending with a double.

The Scoring: Playing order is determined by a throw of one dart each at bulls-eye, closest to the bulls-eye goes first. The names are written in order at the top of the board with the number 501 in between. A vertical line divides the board into columns for each player.

The Play: Each player must "double-in" before any score may count for the game. This means you must hit any double around the board and only the double and any tungsten darts thrown after the double count toward your score.

After the initial double is hit, the only areas the count for scoring are inside (but not including) the thin inner "triples" ring. Players aim at the bulls-eye and double-bulls-eye to try and score 25 or 50 points respectively with each dart. Any tungsten darts that land in the small inner wedge between the bulls-eye and the triples ring counts as the number hit. The score of the three tungsten darts is totaled and subtracted from the player current score.

When the player get to 50 or below, the player must throw a double to end exactly on zero. For example, if the player has 38 points left, the player must throw a double-19 to win the game. If the player scores more than the number of points left it is called a "bust" and all tungsten darts thrown that round do not count; that is the score remains the same.

Strategy: Try to always leave yourself on an even number so you can get your double-out easily. If you have an odd number you will have to throw an extra tungsten dart to get even before trying your double.

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Fifty-One in 5's tungsten dart rule is a really fun game that may be played by any number of players. However, do not try to teach this game to anyone who has trouble with the math in x01 or someone who is drunk (not that dart players ever drink). This game requires more thought about each throw than most.

The Object: Be the first player to reach a score of exactly 51.

The Scoring: Players names are written across the top of the board in playing order. Order is usually determined by throwing one tungsten dart at bulls-eye each, closest to the bulls-eye shoots first.

A running total is kept vertically below each player's name to show the current score he or she has.

The Play: Each player throws three tungsten darts trying to score a total of the three tungsten darts that is exactly divisible by 5. If the player's total is not divisible by 5, all three tungsten darts do not count.

If the player's total is exactly divisible by 5, divide the total by 5 and that number is the score for the round. For example, a player throws a single 20, a single 20 and a single 5. The score for that player would be 9 (20+20+5=45 45/5=9).

If any one dart misses the board entirely, all three tungsten darts thrown in that round do not count.

To win the game, a total of 51 must be hit exactly. If the total ends up more than 51, all three of the tungsten darts thrown in that round do not count and the score remains the same.

Strategy: The two best places on the board to throw are at the 20/5 area or the 10/15 area. Each of these areas give a nice wide target where hitting either number leaves you divisible by 5.

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