Tungsten alloy rod is one of the most popular material for military, with the development of swaging technology，tungsten alloy military swaging rod play a significant role in military defense，such as depleted uranium kinetic energy penetrators, bullet, armor piercing, armor piercing bullets, sniper rifle penetrator, etc.

Main Processing of Tungsten Alloy Swaging Rod:

1). Mixing

2). Pressing

3). Sintering

4). Heat treatment

5). Swaging

6). Machining

After swaging the ultimate tensile strength of tungsten alloy rod greatly increases. The ultimate tensile strength of regular tungsten alloy rod is 1050 MPa . However, after swaging, the ultimate tensile strength can reach 1250 MPa min, and now the ultimate tensile strength even can control at 1450 MPa.

Tungsten Alloy Swaging Rod Main Properties for Military :

* High density

* High melting point

* Small volume

* Excellent hardness

* Superior wearing resistance

* High ultimate tensile strength

* High ductility

* High temperature resistance

* Low vapor pressure

During the World War Ⅱ, tungsten has already been used as an important raw material for military defense. There were abundant wolfram ore reserves found then in Portugal, which were used to produce tungsten concentrates for military defense.

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In last part we have experiments showing that the tool life of TiN-coated tool with Co interlayer was improved to 36% compared to the TiN-coated tools, and all data analysis verified that the tool wear distributions for each cutting time represent the distribution where the normal distributions and log-normal distributions are consistent. And in earlier parts we have talked about how we prepare those experiments and what data have been got concerning the performance of tungsten carbide cutting tool’s with an extra layer between the substrate and the TiN coating. Here we will come to a final conclusion although this does not mean an end to the relative research work.

4. Conclusions

TiN and TiN with three kinds of Co interlayer coatings were applied to end-mill tools made of WC-Co material by hybrid coating technique. The thin Co interlayer having the critical thickness (0.027μm) enhanced the adhesion between TiN coating layer and WC-Co substrate. The highest critical load of approximately 84 N was obtained for the TiN coating with Co interlayer thickness of 0.027μm. The critical scratch load was strongly dependent on the thickness of Co interlayer. The tool life of TiN-coated tool with Co interlayer having the critical thickness of 0.027μm was improved by over 36% compared to TiN-coated tools.  From  the  test  of  goodness  of  fit,  all experimental data were within the range of  ± 3σ. The flank wear of TiN-coated tool with Co interlayer at a given cutting time is suitable for  normal  distribution  and  log-normal  distribution by chi-squared test.

(This article is totally divided into 11 parts and here is part 11, for part 10 please read: http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/78775-ti-10028)

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In last part, we find that as post-annealing temperature increases, the critical load value continually increased even after post-annealing at 600 °C for 2 h due to heat treatment’s improvement of adhesion property of co interlayer to the tungsten carbide substrate. Here we talk about cutting performance and reliability verification.

3.2. Cutting performance and reliability verification

In general, the wear of tungsten carbide cutting tool is a result of the load, friction and temperature between the cutting edge and the work piece. When higher cutting temperatures are reached, the cutting tool edge can easily lead to chipping and cracking. Accordingly, the wear mechanism in high-speed machining largely depends on the cutting conditions and the tool properties.

Cutting tests against AISI D2 die steel and their reliability tests were studied. In order to evaluate cutting performance of end-mill tool under high-speed cutting condition, four kinds of coating tools, TiN and TiN with Co interlayer thickness of 0.027μm, 0.08μm, and 0.15μm were  evaluated. Experiments show that as the cutting times increased, the tool wear increases proportionally. As expected, the wear curve of TiN-coated tool with Co interlayer thickness of 0.027μm slightly increased. The tool life of TiN-coated tool with Co interlayer was improved to 36% compared to the TiN-coated tools. This trend seemed to be due to higher toughness, i.e. a better adhesion between coating layer and substrate.

The best TiN-coated tool with Co interlayer thickness of 0.027μm was tested 18 times repeatedly until the flank wear reaches over 300μm using. The mean value and standard deviation of tool wear values are small at the initial stage of cutting but they get larger with the lapse of time. To verify the goodness of fit for tool wear distribution, the normal distribution, log-normal distribution, and the Weibull distribution, with the shape coefficient are between 0.5 and 5, were used in this work. The probability density functions of the normal distribution f1(t), log-normaldistribution f2(t), and Weibull distribution f3(t) can be expressed as follows:

Using the Minitab software (Minitab, Ver14), which is one of the  general-purpose  statistical  computing  systems, the probability density of each distribution was calculated from the experimental data for each cutting time. All experimental data were within the range of ± 3σ. The experiments were performed under the same conditions and a χ2 test verified that the tool wear distributions for each cutting time represent the distribution where the normal distributions and log-normal distributions are consistent.

(This article is totally divided into 11 parts and here is part 10, for part 9 please read: http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/78776-ti-10030 )

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First, make a list of people that would like to participate. After doing this, you can then decide as a group how many weeks that this will run and the number/format of games to be played. Names are then picked at random and placed in the tungsten dart ladder from top-to-bottom, the top being the person in first place. It will look something like this: John Doe, Jim Smith, Sue Smith, etc.

Each week, the person in first will play the person in second, the person in third will play the person in forth and so on. The two participants can play at their own convenience at the location of their choice. The format can vary depending on the games you want to play and the total games to be played. Let's say that it will consist of 5 games of 501 and 6 games of cricket for a total of 11 games.

Each week, everyone reports the number of games that they had won and those points are accumulated and the people in the tungsten dart ladder are then re-ranked by the number of points they have. In case of a tie, the person that was ranked highest the prior week will continue to be ranked higher. This will continue until the last week's matches have been played when a champion will be crowned.

Now, you can do this for fun or for money. The participants can pay a fee up front or even a weekly fee that will go into a pot and will be distributed at the end. How much and how it is distributed should be decided by the group prior to the tungsten dart ladder being drawn up. Ladders just played for fun and bragging rights not only can be more fun, but will most likely involve more people. Many people aren't willing to throw away their money if they do not feel like they have a chance to win. But these same people will be more than willing to play for free.

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There are twomain sections of tungsten carbide ball bearing, one is ball bearings with integral shafts, the other is specifically divided into  thrust bearings, linear bearings, angular contact bearings and the most common ball bearing, the radial bearing.

1. Tungsten Carbide Ball Bearings with Integral Shafts

The integral shaft or “water pump spindle bearing” was originally designed as a support bearing for use in automotive engine cooling systems. Due to its versatile design, this bearing can also be used in fans, vane pumps and washing machines. Integral shaft bearings are generally double row ball bearings (two sets of balls) comprised of an outer race with two ball tracks or raceways and an inner “race” that is machined directly into the surface of an internal shaft. They do not have an inner ring like conventional double row ball bearings. As the name suggests, an “integral shaft ball bearing” is simply tungsten carbide ball bearing with a shaft that is an integral part of the bearing, i.e., the shaft cannot be removed without disassembling or otherwise destroying the bearing.

 








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Tungsten carbide ball bearing is one of two types of rolling bearings, the other being a roller bearing. The purpose of tungsten carbide ball bearing is to reduce friction and to support radial and axial loads. There are four main parts of a ball bearing: two grooved, ring-like races or tracks (inner and outer ring), a number of hardened steel balls and a cage to space, separate and guide the balls. The inner race is the smaller of the two races and fits inside the larger outer race. The balls fill the space between the two races and allow the bearing to rotate smoothly within the grooves.

Tungsten carbide ball bearings come in all shapes, sizes and materials and are by far the most common bearing used. They are a required component in many industrial, residential and commercial applications and play an important role in everyday life. These bearings are used in a wide range of products including heavy industrial equipment, such as steel rolling mills, washing machines and personal computer hard drives. Some of their not so common uses are in military aircraft and oil drilling equipment.
















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With the highest density weighting in at 1.7 times heavier than lead, tungsten alloy is the best ideal material for military defense used in military. On the one hand, tungsten is non-toxic, so it is the related product for lead which was used in bullet and shot to reduce the environmental hazardous materials in the military field. On the other hand owing to its great hardness and resistance to high temperature, tungsten alloy sphere has been applied in military defense increasingly today.

Tungsten alloy sphere can be also used as bullets or pellets in many military filed, the main advantages of tungsten alloy balls which made as pellet are that it's very dense, and very hard. The density allows the pellets to fly long distances without slowing down, while the hardness allows the pellets to keep their shape while being accelerated by the powder charge, which increases the muzzle velocity.

As well tungsten alloy spheres are widely used in hand grenade, armor piercing projectile, prefabricated fragments, tungsten alloy sphere is in small volume with high density, which means it could be used in some fields need the little but heavy parts, such as counterweights for military defense, projectiles in the missile weapons, armor piercing ammunition, hunting equipment, armor piercing ammunition，tungsten alloy bullet.

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Numerous types of penetrators exist. Tungsten is often a material of choice in the penetrator art. A typical method for fabricating penetrators from tungsten involves the use of tungsten powder metal, which is a heterogeneous mixture of tungsten and other metal powders. The mixture of powders is compacted into the desirable shape, liquid phase sintered and processed into penetrators.

Tungsten penetrator has superior, sought after properties. It may be produced by employing metal matrix composite technology. The tungsten penetrator herein differs from other penetrators in the prior art in that it is composed of tungsten whiskers. Although different crystalline orientations of tungsten whiskers may be employed within the scope of the present invention, the orientation is the one preferred.

Tungsten penetrators already in use tend to form mushroom heads upon impact of a hard target. The formation of a mushroom head decreases the penetration ability of a penetrator. Hence, the performance of a penetrator would be enhanced if the formation of a mushroom head could be eliminated.

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(This article is divided into two parts and this is Part Ⅱ. For Part Ⅰ please refer to http://news.chinatungsten.com/en/tungsten-information/78698-ti-10017)

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Know your out chart like the back of your hand!

There are many different combinations of numbers you can use to successfully double-out in an ’01 dart game.

Legend: S=Single,  D=Double,     T=Triple, SB=Single Bull,     DB=Double Bull

170 Out

T20 + T20 + DB (60 + 60 + 50)

169 Out

No three dart out

168 Out

No three dart out

167 Out

T20 + T19 + DB (60 + 57 + 50)

166 Out

No three dart out

165 Out

No three dart out

164 Out

T20 + T18 + DB (60 + 54 + 50)

163 Out

No three dart out

162 Out

No three dart out

161 Out

T20 + T17 + DB (60 + 51 + 50)

160 Out

T20 + T20 + D20 (60 + 60 + 40)

159 Out

No three dart out

158 Out

T20 + T20 + D19 (60 + 60 + 38)

157 Out

T20 + T19 + D20 (60 + 57 + 40)

156 Out

T20 + T20 + D18 (60 + 60 + 36)

155 Out

T20 + T19 + D19 (60 + 57 + 38)

154 Out

T20 + T18 + D20 (60 + 54 + 40)

153 Out

T20 + T19 + D18 (60 + 57 + 36)

152 Out

T20 + T20 + D16 (60 + 60 + 32)

151 Out

T20 + T17 + D20 (60 + 51 + 40)

150 Out

T20 + T18 + D18 (60 + 54 + 36)

149 Out

T20 + T19 + D16 (60 + 57 + 32)

148 Out

T20 + T16 + D20 (60 + 48 + 40)

147 Out

T20 + T17 + D18 (60 + 51 + 36)

146 Out

T20 + T18 + D16 (60 + 54 + 32)

145 Out

T20 + T15 + D20 (60 + 45 + 40)

144 Out

T20 + T20 + D12 (60 + 60 + 24)

143 Out

T20 + T17 + D16 (60 + 51 + 32)

142 Out

T20 + T14 + D20 (60 + 42 + 40)

141 Out

T20 + T19 + D12 (60 + 57 + 24)

140 Out

T20 + T20 + D10 (60 + 60 + 20)

139 Out

T19 + T14 + D20 (57 + 42 + 40)

138 Out

T20 + T18 + D12 (60 + 54 + 24)

137 Out

T20 + T19 + D10 (60 + 57 + 20)

136 Out

T20 + T20 + D8 (60 + 60 + 16)

135 Out

T20 + T17 + D12 (60 + 51 + 24)

134 Out

T20 + T14 + D16 (60 + 42 + 32)

133 Out

T20 + T19 + D8 (60 + 57 + 16)

132 Out

SB + T19 + DB (25 + 57 + 50)

131 Out

T20 + T13 + D16 (60 + 39 + 32)

130 Out

T20 + T18 + D8 (60 + 54 + 16)

129 Out

T19 + T20 + D6 (57 + 60 + 12)

128 Out

T18 + T14 + D16 (54 + 42 + 32)

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