In Germany there are a large number of carbon sulfur analyzers that are well-known in the world, such as Eltra, Elementar, and Behr Labor-Technik. As a global leader on the area of chemical element analysis, CHNOS elemental analyzer of Elementar holds more than 95% market share in the world. Behr Labor-Technik carbon sulfur analyzer possesses a high quality and a great reliability that is one of reasons for enjoying great popularity.

Laboratory technique of Behr is now developing into an international brand from a small family workshop, which has experienced 50 years for researching, developing, and marketing production of laboratory equipment. Currently, the centre of gravity of its work is a laboratory equipment of food analysis. Over the years, Behr Labs technology has been leading on this area of German products. According to the standard method of analysis techniques, Behr is carrying out regular testing of food quality everywhere in the world. Behr Labs technology provides for the devices for these detecting, their daily work is safe and easy.

In 1951, Behr Labor-Technik was established in Germany to develop, produce and sale the laboratory equipments, Behr Labor-Technik carbon sulfur analyzer mainly use tungsten granule as the primary flux. The speed of C50HT, S50 and CS50 series of analytical instruments for carbon and sulfur content is fast and their accurate analysis results with a great reliability, including from the content of ppm level to the content of % level. At present, this type of carbon sulfur analysis instruments are also widely applied in iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, alloys, carbides, ceramics, minerals, coal, coke, oil, dust, carbonate catalyst, soils, sediments, plaster, plastic, waste, sand, glass and others.

Analysis principle of Behr carbon sulfur analyzer is to determine the content of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide by non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) after the high temperature combustion technology. NDIR is a method which is the basis of the theory of the absorption of the gas. After the infrared emanation released by infrared light source is absorbed by a certain gas which is to be measured, spectral intensity will change that is proportional to the gas concentration therefore, variable quantity of spectral intensity can adversely detect concentration of gas which is to be measured.

Radiographic testing technology is a nondestructive testing method of inspecting materials for hidden flaws by using the ability of radiation (X-ray produced by an accelerator and γ-ray generated by the nuclear decay of radioactive isotopes) to penetrate various materials and the decay characteristic of radiation in materials. Radiographic testing technology can be used to detect the internal defects in metal and non-metallic materials and products, such as weld pores, cracks, porosity, segregation, slag, incomplete penetration and so on. Since the thickness and density of each portion of the detected object varies for the defects, and the radiation attenuation under different density and thickness of materials is different. So when a beam of uniform radiation irradiates the detected object, and if the partial region of the object exists flaws or there are some differences between the structures, the transmitted intensity of radiation would differ in different areas, which can be detected to determine the internal defects and the structural distribution of objects.

The common devices used for radiographic testing include X-ray detector and γ-ray detector. These two detectors use X-rays and γ-ray to detect flaws respectively. The γ ray has a strong penetrating power. When the body suffers from the γ ray exposure, γ-ray can enter into the human body, and interact with the human body cells, thus eroding the complex organic molecules (such as proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes), so that the body's normal chemical process is disturbed, severe may lead to cell death. While X ray can suppress, damage or even kill human cells, resulting in varying degrees of body changes in the physiology, pathology and biochemical aspects. And X-ray can also lead to hair loss, skin burns, sight disorders, leukemia and other issues. Therefore, people should pay attention to the radiation damage while using the radiographic testing technology, and pay attention to take protective measures.

Due to the high density, good corrosion resistance, high radiation absorption capacity and high strength of tungsten alloy, tungsten alloy shielding is the best choice to shield the radiation released from the use of radiographic testing technology. Compared to traditional radiation shielding materials (such as lead and boron carbide), tungsten alloy shielding provides excellent density with small capacity. With the same weight, high-density tungsten alloy shielding can provide the same energy absorption as lead using 1/3 less space. And tungsten alloy shielding is nontoxic, neither pollute the environment, but also will not endanger human health, it is extremely environmentally friendly shielding material.

Theoretically, the room temperature strength of metal depends on two basic factors: one is binding force of metal atom, the other one is the resistance to dislocation motion. Common by increasing resistance to dislocation movement to improve the strength and work hardening methods are split out strengthened. However, these methods the effect of increasing temperature decreases until it disappears, and some rely precipitates precipitation hardening copper alloy, when raised to a certain temperature, the precipitate into the matrix meet again, so that a sharp decline in the strength of the material. By comparison, tungsten copper material does not has phase change, recrystallization phenomena at high temperature and the physical and chemical properties are stable.

The experiments show that 70W-Cu has higher hardness and better electrical conductivity than beryllium cobalt copper, and its softening temperature is twice more than beryllium cobalt copper, so as for flash butt welding electrode wear or require a higher arc welding contact tip applies quite well. There is a comparison between tungsten copper contact tip and brass contact tip:

From the table we can see that the contact tip compared to tungsten copper contact tip brass longer life, better welding performance, which can effectively improve the overall efficiency. In addition, in the process of vertical welding, when the thickness of the weldment 22-28mm, wire diameter φ2.4mm, 2.8mm the pore size of the contact tip, tungsten copper contact tip and chromium copper contact tip after welding has a great difference in wear. Tungsten copper welding contact tip at 20m, the circular aperture can remain unchanged, ensure the continue welding; The chromium copper welding contact tip about 2m, circular conductive mouth to occur due to poor abrasion resistance unilateral eccentric, expand the aperture and are unable to continue welding. Overall, tungsten copper contact tip has higher hardness, better thermosetting, wear resistance, excellent arc ablation resistance, anti-adhesion, which is a kind of contact tip materials with a broad application prospect.

Tungsten copper contact tip is a kind of welding consumables and it is generally located in the end of welding torch, which play a role in delivering welding wire. According to the hole shape, it can be divided into round, square, ellipse, triangle and so on. Common used materials for contact tips include pure copper, brass, beryllium copper, chromium zirconium copper, beryllium cobalt copper, etc.

In the resistance welding process, not only requires the contact tip has good electrical conductivity, but also required at high temperatures still has high strength, wear resistance and corrosion resistance to electrical properties. In practical, the contact tips use pure copper and beryllium copper, which have poor wear resistance and during welding process will easily spatter adhesion. It cause clogging of the tip or the wire and the contact tip bonding, which make the contact tip failure. Furthermore, replacing contact tip frequently will affect the welding performance and decrease the overall efficiency. Compared with pure copper, chromium zirconium copper and beryllium cobalt copper has higher hardness and better wear resistance at room temperature. But it has fewer sources, relatively complex process and higher cost.

Tungsten copper has both advantages of W and Cu, which not only has higher hardness, but also has excellent wear resistance, galvanic corrosion and higher softening temperature. Whether as the electrical resistance welding electrode with special requirements for the stress or as the contact tip used in arc welding, tungsten copper material has a great advantage, which is an important role of the electrical processing and welding occasion. Tungsten copper contact tip is sintered by tungsten and copper composite powder and the tungsten skeleton uniformly distributed in the copper matrix. When the temperature exceeds the melting point of copper, tungsten skeleton liquid copper can stick as a huddle and constitute a good conductor of heat passage, so tungsten skeleton area overheating does not occur in the process.

Welding tungsten boat is also known as heating wolfram boat. Welding is connected directly to connecting position of the two metals together by the melting at high temperature. Heating and pressing five pieces of tungsten plates at a high temperature so that the connection can be melted together, cooling it after welding, forming the final shape of the boat. Welding of pure wolfram is generally divided into two processes: melting welding and brazing. During the melting welding, molten liquid of two workpieces will mix together under interaction of temperature field and gravity but without any pressure. Until the temperature decreases, the melted portion will condense, two workpieces will be firmly welded together to complete the welding. Brazing use metal material which has a lower melting point than the base material as the brazing filler metal, Heating the weldment and brazing filler metal to make its melting point higher than the melting point of brazing filler metal and lower than the melting temperature of the base material, using liquid brazing filler metal to wet the base metal, filling gap of joint and connect the base material. While welding, the joint of the wolfram plates is called soldering seam. Both sides of it would influenced by heating during soldering and organization and performance would change, this area is known as the heat affected zone.

Soldering is a fabrication or sculptural process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing fusion, which is distinct from lower temperature metal-joining techniques such as brazing and soldering, which do not melt the base metal. In order to improve the quality of soldering wolfram boat, users can use argon, carbon dioxide and other gases to avoid atmosphere so that it can protect the arc and rate of furnace hearth while welding. Finally, a boat shape is formed by welding.

Its size is relatively large, so it can be used for large-scale evaporation device or a large number of material evaporation. Compared to riveting tungsten boat, soldering W-boat can save material of 10% -20%, and it doesn’t need to scribing, drilling, assembling, and other complex processes. Since welding tungsten boat is made of two or more plates, which cannot be made on one time, so the preparation time will be longer.

Sintering wolfram boat is to firing anhydrous wolframic acid to produce tungsten powder, which is an important carrier for making it. Or loading ammonium paratungstate (APT) in firing W-boat to make wolfram powder, the APT is white crystal, which include schistose and acicular, it is applied in the manufacturing process of tungsten metal powder by anhydrous wolframic acid or blue tungsten oxide.

Sintering tungsten boat is mainly used in the production of tungsten powder. Burning ammonium paratungstate into yellow tungsten oxide or blue tungsten oxide, and then make wolfram powder in hydrogen. During the manufacturing process, tungsten oxide should be placed in a W-boat and then put in the reduction furnace. After recycling the hydrogen, remove the carrier. Fritting is divided into three stages, namely the low temperature burn-in step, the medium temperature firing step and keeping warm in a high temperature. In the low-temperature burn-in step is mainly to volatilize the gas and moisture content which is adsorbed in wolfram boat. Anhydrous wolframic acid is a raw material of wolfram powder.

Process for preparing tungsten powder can be divided into two stages. The first procedure is that the  anhydrous wolframic acid is reduced to tungsten dioxide at a temperature of 500 ℃ -700 ℃. The second procedure is that tungsten dioxide is reverted to the wolfram powder under the temperature of 700 ℃ -900 ℃. Purity, particle size, size distribution and other properties of the reduction of W-powder, which primarily rely on the reduction process. When you restore a wolfram powder in a tube furnace, temperature of reduction, charging capacity of tungsten oxide of W-boat, moving speed of W-boat, the flow rate of hydrogen and moisture content of hydrogen content are the main factors to influence the speed of reduction. Particle size of wolfram powder will become thicken as the temperature rises.

While firing, sintering tungsten boat can remove a portion of the harmful impurities, such as sulfur, potassium, sodium and others. This type of W-boat reduces the adverse effects of harmful ingredients (water, oxygen, nitrogen) of the product under vacuum fritting. It is in favor of eliminating the adsorbed gas and the residual gas of the pores which can promote post- fritting shrinkage. However, due to the high temperature, fritting stove would emit large amounts of waste heat.

With the development and application of nuclear technology, radiation technology shows great potential in the medical, radiation processing, power generation, food security, industrial testing and other aspects. Radiation technology is a subject that is closely linked to the fields of high polymer materials, environmental science, biotechnology and medicine. It main uses radiation (such as gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, etc.) emitted by radiation source to interact with matter to produce activated atoms and activated molecules which will react with matter both in both in physically and chemically, thereby improving the quality and performance of materials or leading to the degradation, polymerization and crosslinking modification of substances and preparation of new substances. The characteristics of radiation technology include high added value, low energy consumption and wide application, radiation technology is widely used in the modification of semiconductor and polymer, food preservation, and radiation sterilization of medical supplies and the like. Radiation technology can be categorized as radiation crosslinking, radiation curing, radiation vulcanization, radiation degradation, radiation grafted.

Radiation technology has brought radiological hazards while bringing the great facility to people. The largest long-term health risk of radiation is cancer. Radiation can destroy the mechanism in vivo which can prevent cancer, so that greatly increases the risk of cancer. Radiation can also enter the body through a variety of ways, causing internal radiation damage, leading to fatigue, dizziness, insomnia, skin redness, ulceration, bleeding, hair loss, leukemia, vomiting, diarrhea and other symptoms. In addition, radiation will increase aberration rate and hereditary disease incidence, to affect the health of future generations. Exposure to radiation will lead to genetic changes, once the DNA in reproductive cells are damaged, the new generation will inherit the altered gene of mother, thus increasing the risks of defects in the offspring. It is understood that the fetal embryos and fetuses are more sensitive to radiation, exposure to radiation before embryo implantation can increase the late fetal mortality rate; while in the case of exposure to radiation during organogenesis, the increased rates are elevated rate of fetal malformations and neonatal mortality.

Tungsten alloy shielding is widely used to absorb and shield radiation generated by the use of radiation technology. Experts have found that the radiation shielding capability of a material is closely related to its density, higher density means better shielding capability to shield and absorb the radiation. Since the tungsten alloy has a higher density compared with other radiation shielding materials (such as lead), tungsten alloy shielding exhibits better radiation shielding capability. Tungsten alloy shielding has high density also means that under the same shielding ability, tungsten alloy shielding is smaller and thinner.