The tungsten oxide film is one of the most compelling ion-sensitive color material having ReO: structure, the crystal structure is actually the ABO3 type perovskite structure in the vacant cation sites A and B into bit W6 +. When there is a positive ion source, plus the electric field will cause positive ions M and electron diffusion and migration in WO3 films. When the WO. When the negative voltage is applied, positive ions are implanted WO3 film, occupy one bit "A" to form a tungsten bronze MxWO3; reverse voltage, the ions are implanted from the WO3 film and the extraction process of extracting the ion implantation is a reversible electric. chemical reaction process.

Ion implantation with the extraction process of the tungsten oxide film, the optical properties of the film (light transmittance, reflectance, absorption rate and refractive index, etc.) and electrical properties will undergo significant changes. For example, as the ion implantation amount X increase, MxWO3 be changed from a semiconductor or insulator having metallic properties, the resistivity can vary from 6 to 01 a occurs in 5X01`ncm range. Accordingly, the film will be in a transparent state (visible light transmittance> 08 W) to dark blue color (visible light transmittance <02%) reversible change between .WO: effect of this ion-sensitive color film in the optical switch smart window (SmratWindow), information displays, gas sensors, pH probes and other fields have broad application prospects.

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Humidity detection and control in microelectronic circuit processing, indoor intelligent control, pharmaceutical, biological samples cultured greenhouse crop cultivation and other fields have extensive application, precise and accurate monitoring of the role and influence of moisture and humidity sensors promote the intensified research, people design and development of a variety of devices to improve and enhance the performance of the methods and techniques. Humidity sensor is generally conductive material change in the nature of variation of the adsorption of water molecules according to the physical and chemical properties of the surface of the design process. Based on a variety of mechanisms to respond, divided into capacitive humidity sensor, resistive type, photoelectric type, and gravity type.

Advances in integrated SAW humidity sensor humidity sensor research and nano tungsten oxide, with bifunctional ligand ammonium small molecule organic coating agent to do to prepare low-dimensional tungsten oxide nanocrystals as a sensitive film, combined with the excellent performance of SAW moisture detection devices, this is a relatively new and interesting perspective, in order to further explore the performance optimization and humidity sensor properties of nanocrystalline tungsten oxide to improve the intrinsic link between the two.

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Chinese tungsten oxide nanomaterials have their own characteristics, and have achieved good progress. These studies focused on the preparation and characterization of specific micro-structure of the basic properties, such as structural, optical properties, electrochromic properties and gas sensing and so on. Using silica as a hard template by cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride cofactor hydrothermal growth habit, got mesoporous tungsten oxide material. By using WCl6 as precursor, with cyclohexane as solvent, hydrothermally synthesized Nonstoichiometry alkylene oxide W18O49 nanowires at 200 ℃, after heat treatment showed high activity with the lowest concentration of the test gas sensing ethanol reached 2.7 ppm.

From the perspective of tungsten understanding of chemical reactions, photochromic effect is reversible redox process tungsten atoms; from the point of view of the electronic band, photochromic process is the UV excitation of the valence band electronic transitions to the conduction band after the formation of electron-hole pairs, photo-generated electrons are trapped into a W6 + W5 +, holes generated or absorbed water is crystal surface oxide film formed after proton H + diffuses into crystals or thin films of tungsten oxide to produce bonded tungsten bronze structure, thus showing a blue. However, this mechanism does not explain the WO3-x (x <0.3) photochromic non reasons.

Based on the above analysis mechanism, people use various methods to optimize the synthesis of photochromic properties of tungsten oxide films, successfully tungsten oxide thin film materials used in smart windows, photonic devices (optical information storage, light regulation) and WO3 / TiO2 composite solar cells and other fields.

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Photocatalytic activity of the tungsten oxide is mainly dependent on the surface area to volume ratio of the material, the surface of the tungsten oxide crystal material under UV irradiation to generate electron - hole pairs, and the dissolved oxygen atom adsorption surface trapped electrons generated anion oxygen, tungsten oxide as a non-toxic catalyst entrainment hole oxidation power, high content is relatively abundant in nature, and therefore is an important catalyst for effective degradation of organic dyes silk processing generated pollution. To enhance the catalytic efficiency, people use various methods to certain specific crystal structure of the tungsten oxide nanocrystals surface exposed, such as the one prepared by anodization having oriented mesoporous like tungsten oxide, titanium oxide modification may well improve WO3 composite catalytic activity.

From the perspective of tungsten understanding of chemical reactions, photochromic effect is reversible redox process tungsten atoms; from the point of view of the electronic band, photochromic process is the UV excitation of the valence band electronic transitions to the conduction band after the formation of electron-hole pairs, photo-generated electrons are trapped into a W6 + W5 +, holes generated or absorbed water is crystal surface oxide film formed after proton H + diffuses into crystals or thin films of tungsten oxide to produce bonded tungsten bronze structure, thus showing a blue. However, this mechanism does not explain the WO3-x (x <0.3) photochromic non reasons.

Based on the above analysis mechanism, people use various methods to optimize the synthesis of photochromic properties of tungsten oxide films, successfully tungsten oxide thin film materials used in smart windows, photonic devices (optical information storage, light regulation) and WO3 / TiO2 composite solar cells and other fields.

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Tungsten oxide nanoparticles is a kind of catalysis, stealth features, electrochromic properties, Gasochromic, photochromic, gas, superconductivity, and many other features versatile semiconductor functional materials. Although so far, related to the electrical properties of tungsten oxide nanoparticles, gas properties and photocatalytic properties have more research, but the optical properties of tungsten oxide nanoparticles and composite semiconductor nanoparticles still fresh.

As science and technology and the rapid development of social production, energy saving and environmental protection has become the focus of the world. Ordinary glass of the solar spectrum, through selective is not high, so while visible light, and is located in the near infrared region of the heat will be a substantial way through, causing the indoor temperature rises, the air conditioning and other cooling equipment of the burden bring energy waste, and year by year growth trend. Therefore, exploring new environment-friendly heat shield material is always chasing a moving target researchers, these materials have a high visible light transmittance, and can effectively shield the sunlight in the near-infrared. The main application of transparent thermal insulating material with heat reflective glass and low-E glass, the former to achieve a high near infrared reflectance to achieve their goals, the latter through a highly reflective interior far infrared heat to achieve the insulation effect. However, the preparation of both complex and expensive, heat-reflective glass which also prone to cause "light pollution" and other defects.

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Tungsten oxide nanoparticles is a kind of catalysis, stealth features, electrochromic properties, Gasochromic, photochromic, gas, superconductivity, and many other features versatile semiconductor functional materials. Although so far, related to the electrical properties of tungsten oxide nanoparticles, gas properties and photocatalytic properties have more research, but the optical properties of tungsten oxide nanoparticles and composite semiconductor nanoparticles still fresh.

Prepared by chemical precipitation of nano tungsten oxide powder and mixed with hydrogen and nitrogen gas to restore its processing, analyzing the impact of the reduction treatment temperature on the chemical composition of tungsten oxide, with the X-ray powder diffraction to characterize the crystalline tungsten oxide particles with nanometer and chemical composition, the use of scanning electron microscopy crystal phase morphology of the particles before and after reduction treatment, and measured before and after the nanoparticles by reduction of the resulting gelatinous liquid absorption spectrum from the visible to the near-infrared wavelength range and through spectrum. Studies have shown that: for 1400 ~ 1600nm and 1900 nm to 2200nm band of near-infrared light having a significantly enhanced absorption effect, while a high visible light transmittance, which has a special optical absorption properties of the tungsten oxide nanoparticles after reduction Tungsten oxide is expected to be used in new solar thermal shielding device design.

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Hydrogen reduction of tungsten oxide, followed by a tungsten carbide is tungsten carbide cemented carbide industry in the preparation of the most common methods, called "conventional hydrogen reduction process." The restore process is crucial, because tungsten carbide powder final size depends largely on reducing the resultant tungsten powder particle size, therefore, tungsten powder fineness and uniformity of tungsten carbide powder manufacturing process becomes a key factor. As reducing conditions in the preparation of ultrafine tungsten powder process, should be kept cold, humidity, push the boat along the hydrogen, is not conducive to WO2 (OH) 2 formation. For tungsten oxide material, although blue tungsten oxide (TBO) is currently taking the most widely used tungsten powder raw material by hydrogen reduction system, but it is a chemistry and physics from Xanadu is difficult to precisely define industrial products. Clearly, the performance of the tungsten oxide starting material affects the performance and behavior of the final reduction of tungsten powder, a low temperature (700 ℃ ~ 800 ℃) performance of the tungsten oxide strongly affects the reduction kinetics process, blue tungsten oxide than the yellow oxide at low temperatures Tungsten has a higher activity.

Tungsten oxide materials can be prepared to take appropriate reducing conditions in the ultrafine tungsten powder; single-phase tungsten oxide obtained after reduction by ultrafine tungsten powder fine and uniform, multiphase tungsten oxide produced by the reduction of fine tungsten powder uneven; In the low temperature, low humidity, high hydrogen flow rate of stable hydrogen reduction under the process conditions, for the tungsten oxide has a phase component, which can be approximately predicted uniformity ultrafine tungsten powder. Thus, in the manufacture of cemented carbide crystallites, characteristics should be considered in-phase component of the tungsten oxide material.

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Transition metal oxides are tungsten oxide, which is a n-type semiconductor, there is a wide band gap (2.5 ~ 3.5eV). It has a photochromic, electrochromic, photochromic gas and other characteristics, in terms of information on functional materials, catalysis, magnetic materials, information memory device, a display piece and others have a wide range of applications.
 

Low temperature hydrothermal synthesis method is commonly used method for producing tungsten oxide nanomaterials under hydrothermal conditions for obtaining tungsten oxide nanoparticles with different morphologies, aid played a key role, can effectively control the growth direction of the crystal. Fibrous tungsten oxide having a large specific surface due to the advantages in catalysis concern. Size and distribution of high quality nanofibers one must have the basic features, in order to achieve the above purpose, in the preparation of the crystal during the growth process and hope to form nuclei nuclei is well controlled to avoid the growth process nuclei high local concentrations simultaneously homogeneous nucleation and heterogeneous nucleation, resulting in non-uniform dispersion particle size. Now often used as an adjuvant to obtain a sulfate nanofibrous tungsten oxide, common with ammonium sulfate, potassium sulfate, etc., and no use of sulfuric acid has been reported as an adjuvant guanidine, guanidine sulfate as an adjuvant preparation of nano tungsten oxide process , the auxiliary agent is not directly reacted with the sodium tungstate, but hydrolysis by sulfuric acid guanidine structure crystal ion SO2-4, NH + 4 is reacted with sodium tungstate. Guanidine sulfate under hydrothermal conditions is a process of slow hydrolysis reaction, to control the entire nanofiber growth process, and thus will not cause a sudden increase in the reactant solution, the crystal structure of the ion can be uniformly distributed in the various parts of the solution, and the reaction sodium tungstate was mixed at the molecular level can be achieved, thus ensuring a uniform solution throughout the fibrous generated tungsten oxide.

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Great for downsizing

“Tungsten allows anglers to have a smaller profile,” Brosdahl said. “When crappie are fussy, a small bait that fishes heavy is very important.”

Tungsten’s a natural choice for downsizing given it packs the same weight into a smaller footprint than a similarly weighted lead jig. Downsizing is a common tactic for finessing wary crappie on lakes receiving heavy angling pressure. Going small also teases hits from inactive crappie, which is typically the case during cold fronts and much of mid-winter.

Small baits also mimic a crappie’s tiny winter forage. Brosdahl relies on many presentations for coaxing slabs to bite. Here are three favorites for ice fishing:

Northland Mooska Tungsten Jig tipped with a maggot or threaded with half a wax worm for finessing zooplankton-eaters.

Northland Tungsten Fire-Ball Jig rigged with a 1 1/2-inch Impulse Bro Bloodworm to replicate chironomid larvae and other wormy snacks.

Northland Tungsten Banana Bug combined with a plastic minnow. The front weighted jig combined with the soft-bait’s tail results in a slight forward swimming action on the fall. Nodding the jig on bottom copies minnow fry picking food off the floor.

Tungsten comes at more expense than lead. But, for many hard-core ice anglers, it’s a small price to pay given tungsten’s advantages. Bear in mind, using tungsten isn’t an all or nothing situation. Adding just a few of these heavy-metal ice jigs to your collection will give you more options for fooling wary slabs.

Tip: In addition to jigs, tungsten spoons are also available for another compact, fast-sinking presentation choice.




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The main components of the blue phase is B- tungsten oxide, tungsten, tungsten blue particle surface is rough, but with more of a crack, it is because there is a crack in the B- tungsten oxide reduction process in favor of hydrogen into the interior of the particle reduction reaction and the generated steam is discharged. With blue tungsten in hydrogen reduction, the main-phase component of the tungsten oxide oxygen atom declining, gap increasing gradually transformed into the tungsten oxide of the tungsten oxide Y-First, the surface of the tungsten oxide in the tungsten oxide is formed, which is acicular particle shape and short rod arranged quite irregular, and the resulting acicular short rod B- Y- tungsten oxide and tungsten oxide crystal comparison, particles finer.

With the reduction of the depth tungsten oxide oxygen atom further reduced, while further increasing the vacancy. From tungsten oxide develop into tiny needle or short rod, and become more loose, it is easy to generate hydrogen gas into the interior of the particles and the discharge of water, because the Y- tungsten oxide when converted to tungsten dioxide, by needle or short Y- a single rod-like tungsten oxide needle bar into a single crystal tungsten dioxide formed by the development, tungsten dioxide particles consisting of a plurality of tungsten dioxide crystal beginning to coalesce into a sintered body, while it becomes more dense particles, shape with tungsten powder particle morphology was very similar to the last $ # This process is therefore reduction of tungsten blue ultrafine tungsten powder Preparation key link. If control the reducing conditions of the process, with the tungsten oxide can be prepared Y- ultrafine tungsten powder.

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