Carbide drill cutting surfaces are often useful when machining through materials such as carbon steel or stainless steel, as well as in situations where other tools would wear away, such as high-quantity production runs. Most of the time, carbide will leave a better finish on the part, and allow faster machining. Carbide tools can also withstand higher temperatures than standard high speed steel tools. The material is usually tungsten-carbide cobalt, also called "cemented carbide", a metal matrix composite where tungsten carbide particles are the aggregate and metallic cobalt serves as the matrix. The process of combining tungsten carbide with cobalt is referred to as sintering or Hot Isocratic Pressing (HIP). During this process cobalt eventually will be entering the liquid stage and WC grains (>> higher melting point) remain in the solid stage. As a result of this process cobalt is embedding/cementing the WC grains and thereby creates the metal matrix composite with its distinct material properties. The naturally ductile cobalt metal serves to offset the characteristic brittle behavior of the tungsten carbide ceramic, thus raising its toughness and durability. Such parameters of tungsten carbide can be changed significantly within the carbide manufacturers sphere of influence, primarily determined by grain size, cobalt content, donation (e.g. alloy carbides) and carbon content.

Machining with carbide drills can be difficult, as carbide is more brittle than other tool materials, making it susceptible to chipping and breaking. To offset this, many manufacturers sell carbide inserts and matching insert holders.

With this setup, the small carbide drill insert is held in place by a larger tool made of a less brittle material (usually steel). This gives the benefit of using carbide without the high cost of making the entire tool out of carbide. Most modern face mills use carbide drill inserts, as well as some lathe tools and end mills.

To increase the life of carbide drill tools, they are sometimes coated. Four such coatings are TiN titanium nitride TiC titanium carbide, TIALN (titanium carbide-nitride), and TIALN Titanium Aluminum Nitride. (Newer coatings, known as DLC (Diamond Like Coating) are beginning to surface, enabling the cutting power of diamond without the unwanted chemical reaction between real diamond and iron.) Most coatings generally increase a tool's hardness and/or lubricity. A coating allows the cutting edge of a tool to cleanly pass through the material without having the material gall (stick) to it. The coating also helps to decrease the temperature associated with the cutting process and increase the life of the tool. The coating is usually deposited via thermal Chemical vapor deposition CVD and, for certain applications, with the mechanical Physical vapor deposition" PVD method. However if the deposition is performed at too high temperature, an eta phase of a Co6 W6 C tertiary carbide forms at the interface between the carbide and the cobalt phase, facilitating adhesion failure of the coating.

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Analysis of electron-optical studies of experimental alloys of Fe-W and ferrotungsten

In this paper the experimental alloys of the Fe-W, which melted with refractory W - Ni - Fe scrap, compared with the standardized grade ferrotungsten ΦB 70. The comparative analysis of the microstructure, phase and chemical composition of the experimental alloys. Investigated the number of non-metallic impurities, the number of which is within the nominated GOST 17293-93. It is proposed to re-use as a substitute for ferrotungsten alloys for the manufacture high tungsten special materials based on iron.





 

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The main use of tungsten (in the form of tungsten carbide) is now in the manufacture of cemented carbide. Cemented carbide, or hard metal as it is often called, is a material made by "cementing" very hard tungsten mono-carbide (WC) grains in a binder matrix of tough cobalt metal by liquid phase sintering. This material is classified technically as a “brittle” material since it exhibits little or no plastic deformation preceding the initiation of a crack. All materials contain some amount of defects in the form of voids, pores or micro-cracks. These defects lead to reduced material strength. In the case of ductile materials such as aluminum, mild steels or copper, the frequency of defects is less critical than in brittle materials.

Sintered tungsten carbide exhibits a broader range of scatter-of-fracture stresses, due primarily to the existence of micro-voids, when compared to ductile materials. The value of the stress at fracture can also vary widely with size, stress state (tensile, bending, torsion), shape, and type of loading. Despite the significant variability of the stress at failure, cemented carbide has considerably high strength for what some consider to be a “ceramic” or cermet material.

The definition of a ceramic material is the marriage of a metal to a nonmetal, for example silicon (metal) carbide (carbon, non-metal), aluminum oxide, silicon nitride or tungsten carbide. A cermet is a composite material composed of ceramic (cer) and metallic (met) materials. A cermet is ideally designed to have the optimal properties of both a ceramic, such as high temperature resistance and hardness, and those of a metal, such as the ability to undergo plastic deformation. The metal is used as a binder with oxide, boride, carbide, or alumina. Generally, the metallic elements used are cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum. It is the addition of the metallic binder, i.e. cobalt or nickel that makes the cemented carbide (WC - Co) a cermet and differentiates it from truly brittle materials, that is, the ceramic family of materials.

The combination of WC and metallic cobalt as a binder is a well-adjusted system not only with regard to its properties, but also to its sintering behavior. The high solubility of WC in cobalt at high temperatures and a very good wetting of WC by the liquid cobalt binder result in an excellent densification during liquid phase sintering and in a pore-free structure. As a result of this, a material is obtained which combines high strength, toughness and high hardness.

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Tungsten is very valuable as a rare metal resources. Tungsten industry is significant to be one of the important material industries in modern time.
 
Tungsten has high hardness, high melting point, high strength, and it’s widely used in machinery, special steel, defense industry and other fields. Its main application is the carbide industry, which is often said as tungsten steel. Carbide is called the teeth of modern industry. As an important strategic resource, tungsten resource is emphasis protected by world powers. Our country has also set up Tungsten Industry Association since 1990s, introduced a number of laws and regulations, and keeps strict supervision on tungsten resources.
 
Global reserves of tungsten resources are scarce and centralizedly distributed. 65.5% of the world’s reserves are in China, which has obvious advantages. Since 2001, China began to imply tungsten resource extraction quotas and export quotas, effectively inhibited the global tungsten supply. Coupled with decreasing amount of foreign supply and limited availability of recycling waste tungsten, tungsten supply growth was slow.
 
Tungsten is mainly used in carbide, steel and alloys, chemical industry etc. About 50% of tungsten materials are used for carbide industry. In China production of carbide cutting tools only accounts about 25% of total production, while 65% of consumption in developed countries accounts for carbide cutting tool consumption. China hass broad space for development of carbide in the future. "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" clearly encourages new materials containing tungsten may become a new impetus to the demand of tungsten.
 
Tungsten resources are rare metal which has absolute advantage in China. As the country gradually strengthen the industry consolidation, supply growth will gradually slow down, while demand in areas such as carbide rapid growth in the long term, the future supply of tungsten would be probably in the tight state. Our carbide industry will get more rapid developement relied to the absolute advantage of tungsten resouces. 

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The paper introduces the use of W and Mo in alloy steel, describes the mechanism of ferro-tungsten-molybdenum smelting in three-phase AC working frequency plasmafurnace directly with mixed charge of W and Mo concentrates and gives the pilot experiment results. The ferro-tungsten-molybdenum, obtained with Mo/W of 0. 05~0.5 at recovery of Mo and W 90% respectively, is applicable to smelting ahoy steel. This new technologicalroute is open to utilization of the W-Mo intergrowth mineral resource.





 

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Systems and methods for refining or otherwise processing tungsten alloys, including ferrotungsten powder and articles formed therefrom, and methods for detecting the presence of the same. The methods include at least one of magnetically-separating and particle-size-separating ferrotungsten or ferrotungsten-containing powder. In some embodiments, powder may be separated to remove fine particles, and optionally to separate the remaining particles into fractions containing selected particle size distributions. The powder additionally or alternatively may be separated into at least magnetic and non-magnetic fractions. In some embodiments, portions of two or more size and/or magnetism fractions are mixed to provide a ferrotungsten-containing feedstock. Selected fractions resulting from the size and magnetism separation steps may be utilized to provide a ferrotungsten-containing feedstock from which articles are produced and which may include additional components.



 

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Determination of lead,tin and bismuth in the ferrotungsten by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry.

A method for the determination of lead,tin and bismuth by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry was studied.The sample was decomposed with oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide.In the medium of ammonia at pH≥9,Pb,Sn and Bi were precipitated and separated from W in the solution.The residual tungsten in the sediment was less than 0.7% after twice precipitation with ammonia liquor.The interferences from residual tungsten could be eliminated by the background correct mode.The restraining influence from iron on the intensity of Pb,Sn could be overcome by matrix matching.The method has been applied to the determination of Pb,Sn and Bi in ferrotungsten with the recovery of 96%-102% and relative standard deviation of 1.3%-1.5%.



 

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Determination of Ar、Sb、Bi Content in Ferrotungsten by the Method of Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry

The sample was dissolved with oxalic acid and hydrogen peroxide and processed with mixed acid to remove the tungsten. Determination of arsenic、antimony、bismuth in ferrotungsten by the method of ICP-AES. The results indicated that matrix effect of the tungsten for measuring element was not obvious after tungsten removal. This method was applied to the determination of synthetic ferrotungsten sample,and the results agreed well with the certified values,with recovery rate of 96.5%～102.0%and relative standard deviation of 1.2%～4.6%.



 

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An inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric(ICP-AES) method for the determination of Cu,Mn,Si in the ferrotungsten was studed.The optimal working conditions of instrument were confirmed.The experiment factors including the method for dissolving sample,spectral line of element,and oxalic acid concentration were discussed.The sample was discomposed by oxalic acid-hydrogen peroxide.Throuth selectiong 327.396 nm,279.482 nm and 251.612 nm as the analytical lines of copper,manganese and silicon and adopting appropriate background correction points in oxalic acid medium,matrix elements W,Fe and other coexistent elements have no effect in the determination.So Cu,Mn,Si could be determined directly without separation.The detection limits for Cu,Mn,Si were 0.005 2 μg/mL,0.007 2 μg/mL,0.009 0 μg/mL respectively.This method could be employed in simultaneous determination of Cu,Mn,Si in ferrotungsten,with the RSDs of 0.47%-1.98%.



 

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