Tungsten heavy alloy materials are used for shielding applications as collimators in medical imaging diagnostics and therapy. Due to its high density and atomic mass, tungsten heavy alloy exhibits excellent absorption behaviour against electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays and gamma-radiation.

The tungsten heavy alloy collimator manfaucturing process including mixing, binding, debinding, pressing, and sintering, machining.

In comparison to the conventional powder metallurgical fabrication of tungsten and tungsten alloy sheets for collimators, producing by pressing, sintering several rolling steps and thermal treatments, the new technology enables a nearly 100% material yield. The process comprised the mixing of a tungsten alloy powder (such as: with content of 92.5 et.% W and the balance of Ni, Fe) with an organic binder, thermoplastic shaping of mixture to a green sheet material by an extrusion process, followed by debinding and sintering. The sintering step was performed in hydrogen atmosphere under liquid phase sintering conditions at a temperature range of 1450°C to 1500°C. Depend on the different needs of customers,tungsten alloy sheets can be produced into sheets and foils for a thickness range of below 0.1 until 4 mm in collimator.

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In the case of X-ray diagnostics, typical applications are collimators in the detector system and shielding parts in computer tomography. Most of these components are sheet based applications with a thickness range of about 0.1mm to 2mm. The replacement of the widely used shielding material lead (Pb) was intensified and activities on the search for substitutes have been significantly increased, the new alternative material should be tungsten heavy alloy.

Due to its high density and atomic mass, tungsten heavy alloy exhibits excellent absorption behaviour against electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays and gamma-radiation. For this reason tungsten heavy alloy materials are used for shielding applications as collimators in medical imaging diagnostics and therapy.

The fabrication of tungsten heavy alloy thin sheets with a thickness of below 1.5 mm (preferably below 0.4 mm) by tape casing technology was already reported. The near net shape produced of sheets and foils for a thickness range of below 0.1 until 4 mm was developed. In comparison to the conventional powder metallurgical fabrication of tungsten and tungsten alloy sheets for collimators, producing by pressing, sintering several rolling steps and thermal treatments, the new technology enables a nearly 100% material yield. Due to the developed technology, foil material of thickness below 0.1 and sheet material of thickness up to 3 mm can be produced .

The figure below shows tungsten heavy alloy foil and sheet material of thicknesses 0.09 to 3 mm.

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Due to the excellent shielding against electromagnetic radiation, tungsten based materials are typically used for collimators components in medical imaging diagnostics. However, the conventional manufacturing of pure tungsten sheet and foil material is quite expensive because of high temperature sintering and thermo-mechanical treatment.

A cost and material efficient manufacturing for tungsten based material has been developed. The new technology uses dedicated mixtures of tungsten heavy alloy powder and organic binder, which are formed and sintered to full-metallic semi-finished products. Due to the tungsten content of ≥ 90 wt.% the material exhibits excellent X-ray absorption. Furthermore the full-metallic material overcomes possible drawbacks of tungsten filled polymers with respect to aging and degradation under X-ray radiation. Sheets up to 4mm thickness and foils down to below 100μm can be produced in tight tolerances. The isotropic microstructure allows the forming of structural parts by roll bending and deep-drawing technologies.

In comparison to the conventional powder metallurgical fabrication of tungsten and tungsten alloy sheets, producing by pressing, sintering several rolling steps and thermal treatments, the new technology enables a nearly 100% material yield and further the saving of expensive thermo-mechanical processing steps. Material and cost efficient manufacturing route for tungsten heavy alloy foil and sheet material for collimators was developed. The technology established is the metal extrusion moulding where dedicated mixtures of tungsten heavy alloy powder and organic binder are formed and sintered to full-metallic semi-finished products.

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Place a piece of masking tape onto the surface of the glass where you want to carbide drill your hole. Mark onto the tape the location of the hole.

Load the desired size carbide carbide drill bit into your carbide drill, set the speed to slow and the rotation of the carbide drill forward (clockwise). Don your safety glasses.

Start carbide drilling the hole. At slow speed, place the tip of the bit on your marked hole and begin carbide drilling very slowly. Think of this as grinding down the glass rather than cutting a hole through it, as glass is very brittle it must be ground down. Do not push the carbide drill against the glass; let the bit do the work slowly and gently.

Cool the glass as you go. Have a friend pour a stream of water over the site of the hole while you are carbide drilling. The friction created by the carbide drill bit will create a lot of heat, which can damage the bit or crack the glass. Use a garden hose if possible to supply a constant stream of water during carbide drilling. Stop the carbide drill once the hole has been made.


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WC-Co cemented carbides bits has unique combination of hardness and toughness makes it especially suitable for wear resistant parts of tools for rock drilling. When the failures of WC-Co cemented carbides bits of cutters used in coalfield were analysed carefully by scanning electron microscopy, it was suggested that bending rupture, abrasion and cracking were the main types of failure of WC-Co bits.



Based on the fractography, it is indicated that the causes of the failures of the bits are impact load stress which may reach or even exceed the transverse rupture strength of WC-Co alloys, abrasive wear, surface impact fatigue and thermal fatigue. In accordance with these causes, some methods like adjustment of alloy composition, changing particle size to enhance the properties of the alloy are suggested to prolong the lifetime of cutters.


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The calorimeters are one component of radiation detector, and situated outside the solenoidal magnet that surrounds the Inner Detector. Their purpose is to measure the energy from particles by absorbing it. There are two basic calorimeter systems: an inner electromagnetic calorimeter and an outer hadronic calorimeter.Both are sampling calorimeters; that is, they absorb energy in high-density metal like tungsten alloy.

The electromagnetic (EM) calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that interact electromagnetically, which include charged particles and photons. Tungsten alloy for calorimeters has high precision, both in the amount of energy absorbed and in the precise location of the energy deposited.The barrel EM calorimeter has accordion shaped electrodes and the energy-absorbing materials can be tungsten alloy, with liquid argon as the sampling material.

The hadron calorimeter absorbs energy from particles that pass through the EM calorimeter, but do interact via the strong force; these particles are primarily hadrons. The energy-absorbing material is tungsten alloy, with scintillating tiles that sample the energy deposited.It is better to choose tungsten alloy for calorimeter to guarantee cost-effectiveness. According to the photograph below, tungsten alloy for calorimeter is in the part of 9.

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A radiation detector, also known as a particle detector, is a device used to detect, track, and/or identify high-energy particles, such as those produced by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Modern detectors are also used as calorimeters to measure the energy of the detected radiation. They may also be used to measure other attributes such as momentum, spin, charge etc. of the particles.

When using tungsten alloy to produce radiation detector,particles through some tungsten alloy, tungsten alloy will absorbing part of particles or all of them to produce ionization or excitation. Radiation detectors transfer ionization or excitation into all forms of direct or indirect information that human can accept.

The advantages of tungsten alloy for radiation detector:
Due tungsten alloys have the ability of various high-ray shielding,tungsten alloy can be the good materials for radiation detector. The thickness 3mm of tungsten alloy can shield 95% of 150keV γ radiation. Tungsten alloy materials are suit for high spatial resolution occasion, such as radiological Imaging array detectors.Tungsten alloy materials has high density, (60% higher than lead), reduces the size of tungsten alloy ray shields, without affecting the radiation shielding effect.Comparing with tungsten alloy and lead, when they with the same performance of radiation shielding, the volume of tungsten alloy is 1/3 of lead .Because the environmental friendly characteristics of tungsten alloy, tungsten alloy for radiation detector  better than lead for radiation detector in environmental protection .In the future, tungsten alloy for radiation detector will be wildly used.

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Radiation detector is a device or material used to observe and study for radiation and the microscopic phenomena of particle sensors , devices or materials.

Radiation detector works based on the interaction of particles with substance.When particles through some kind of substance, the substance will absorb part of particles or all of them to produce ionization or excitation. If the particles are electrical, its electromagnetic field track directly  interact with the atoms in the material.If it is gamma rays or x-rays, the rays should go through some intermediate process, resulting in the photoelectric effect, Compton effect or electronic. Nowadays, tungsten alloy for radiation detector be wildly used in radiation detectors,since the good performance of tungsten alloy material in radiation shielding and environmental protection. Tungsten alloy for radiation detector can absorb most part even all part of particles and be environmental protection.Orbital electron energy passes on part or all of the material like tungsten alloy, and then produce ionization or excitation.

For the without electrically particles such as neutrons, it is through nuclear reactions to produce charged particles cause ionization or excitation.Radiation detectors are equipments to probe interaction of particles. The particles produce ionization or excitation in the detection medium. Radiation detectors transfer ionization or excitation into all forms of direct or indirect information that human can accept.

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Carbide titanium and hafnium coating tool is making titanium or hafnium metal diffused into the surface of a tungsten carbide tool instead of titanium oxide. The results are substantial improvement, both in terms of wear resistance and the surface appearance of workpieces cut with said tools, both initially and after substantial use.

The overall process for making tungsten carbide tools comprises applying a coating of titanium and hafnium metal of the Periodic Chart of the Elements over the tool, diffusing the metal into the tool and removing excess of the metal from the surface of the tool, either by further diffusion of thees metal into the tool or by removal processes such as dissolving in a suitable solvent. Tools formed in accordance with process have wear properties such that they typically last at least four times, frequently in excess of six times as long as untreated tools and with tools formed in accordance with the most preferred embodiments of the invention, nine times as long as untreated tools. Tools with those metal coating last at least three times as long as tools which have been given an oxide diffusion treatment. The surface of workpieces cut with tools treated in accordance with this invention, are substantially better than those surfaces formed using untreated tools or tools given an oxide diffusion treatment. This improvement is both with initial use of the tool as well as after a substantial cutting time.


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Carbide tool with titanium oxide layer is deliberately attempted to diffuse a titanium oxide layer into a carbide tool by applying a paste of titanium oxide over the surface of the tool and heating the tool to an elevated temperature to thereby diffuse the titanium oxide into the surface.

With regard to the above described oxide layers, though they are identifiable, the stability of these layers under the shear stresses encountered during normal cutting operations was not considered until recently. Thus, it is conceivable that the oxide layer may not be able to withstand the high shearing stresses encountered in metal cutting for a prolonged period of time and that the rate of oxide formation at the metal to metal contact may not be rapid enough to provide a continuous oxide layer. It was then considered possible that what really effected the metal cutting property was not necessarily the oxide layer alone, but the substrate layer of the carbide effected by mass diffusion of the oxide layer into the carbide tool.


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