A gas-filled radiation detector is usually a glass tube that contains two concentric electrodes and a gas such as argon. The outer electrode is a metal tube; the inner electrode is a wire stretched between the ends of the tube along its axis. Energetic charged particles, X-rays, or gamma rays entering the detector strip electrons from the gas atoms to produce positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons. Due to the excellent shielding against electromagnetic radiation, tungsten alloy materials are typically used for gas-filled radiation detector components. An electric field created by several hundred volts or more across the electrodes draws the ions to the negative electrode and the electrons to the positive electrode. The electron flow produces a current pulse, which is the detection signal. The charge produced by a 1-million-electronvolt charged particle coming to rest in the gas is about 5 fem to coulombs.

The magnitude of the electric field that made of tungsten alloy determines the detector's mode of operation. As it is high density, tungsten alloy exhibits excellent absorption behaviour against electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays and gamma-radiation. The field made of tungsten alloy is high enough to prevent the electron-ion pairs produced by the radiation. In order of increasing electric field, the detector operates as an ionization chamber, a proportional counter, or a Geiger-Muller tube. The modular neutron detector operates as an ionization chamber.

 
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Characterization of the microstructure was performed on metallographic sections by light microscopy. Tensile testing was carried out RT, 300 and 500°C according to DIN EN 10002 part 1 and 5 respectively. The tungsten alloy samples were taken in different orientations from 0.8 mm thick sheets. Investigations of the fracture surface of the ruptured samples by SEM gave information about the deformation machanism as function of processing route and test temperature. Tungsten alloy collimator testing was tested in comparison to conventionally produced tungsten and tungsten ally at Physikalisch-Technische Bundessanstalt.

Using sheets material of different thicknesses the change in X-ray beam intensity was measured in a test setup of ‘narrow beam’(as shown in the figure) and the liner attenuation coefficient was determined for tube voltages of 50 to 150 kV.Based on the air-kerma, which is the absorbed X-ray dose in air,the equivalent lead thickness of the different materials was calculated as a function of the tube voltage.

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A computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner is a medical imaging tool that provides clear pictures of the internal structures of the body. CAT scanner manufacture is typically an assembly of various components. The following process discusses how the major components are produced.

Gantry assembly components

1 The x-ray tube is made much like other types of electrical diodes. The individual components, including the cathode and anode, are placed inside the tube envelope and vacuum sealed. The tube is then situated into the protective housing, which can then be attached to the rotating portion of the scanner frame.

2 Tungsten alloy radiation detector arrays are available for CAT scanners. One type of tungsten alloy detector array is the ideal gas-filled detector. This is made by placing strips of tungsten 0.04 inch (1 mm) apart around a large metallic frame. A ceramic substrate holds the strips in place. The entire assembly is hermetically sealed and pressure filled with an inert gas such as xenon. Each of the tiny chambers formed by the gaps between the tungsten alloy plates are individual detectors. The finished detector is also attached to the scanner frame.

3 To create the large amount of voltage needed to produce x rays, an autotransformer is used. This power supply device is made by winding wire around a core. Electric tap connections are made at various points along the coil and connected to the main power source. With this device, output voltage can be increased to approximately twice the input voltage.

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A computed tomography (CT) or computerized axial tomography (CAT) scanner is a medical imaging tool that provides clear pictures of the internal structures of the body. Utilizing a beam of x rays and a tungsten alloy radiation detector, it supplies data to a computer, which then constructs a three-dimensional image.

A wide variety of materials, such as tungsten alloy, glass and plastic, are used to construct the components of a CAT scanner. Some of the more specialized compounds can be found in the patient couch, detector array, and the x-ray tube. CAT scanners use X-ray technology to create three-dimensional images of the body's internal structures. Images are obtained by rotating the X-ray generator and tungsten alloy radiation detectors around the patient. This information is fed into a computer, which reconstructs images of the body structures within its plane of focus.

The tungsten alloy radiation detector array of more modern scanners uses tungsten alloy plates, a ceramic substrate, and xenon gas. Tungsten alloy is also used to make the cathode and electron beam target of the X-ray tube. Other materials found in the tube are glass, copper, and tungsten alloy. Throughout many parts of the CAT scanner system, lead can be found, which reduces the amount of excess radiation.

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Geiger-Mueller detector is a radiation detection and measuring instrument. It consists of a gas-filled tube containing electrodes, between which there is an electrical voltage, but no current flowing. When ionizing radiation passes through and ionizes the gas within the tungsten alloy tube a short, intense pulse of current passes from the negative electrode to the positive electrode and is measured or counted.

A highly sensitive Geiger-Mueller radiation detector with improved temperature stability and working life uses a cathode liner made of tungsten alloy. The tungsten alloy liner is resistant to attack by the halogen quench gases which are used in the detector. The method of conditioning the tungsten alloy tube for use is much simpler and less expensive than it is for existing tubes.

Due to its high density and atomic mass, tungsten heavy alloy exhibits excellent absorption behaviour against electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays and gamma-radiation.A thin layer of tungsten alloy can be used on the inside surface of a cylindrical cathode to give a Geiger-Mueller detector having high sensitivity and outstanding resistance to the halogen gas. Furthermore, it is surprising and unexpected that the tungsten alloy layer can be applied to the interior of a cylindrical cathode as a thin tungsten alloy foil thus omitting the necessity of electrodepositing the layer on the interior surface.

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When a circular carbide-tipped saw blade enters or exits the material, only one tooth is cutting. The fluctuation of the load, when the tooth enters and exits the cut, induces vibrations and requires a very stiff gear box and machine.



A pivot saw has the highest degree of stiffness, because the forces are arranged in a closed loop. If we assume that the base of such a saw is very rigid, the force will flow from the pivot of the gearbox to the ball screw feed system in a closed loop, whereby the cutting force engages in the middle, approximately, between rotation point and ball screw. This arrangement substantially reduces the lost motion and compliance in the feed system. Furthermore the ball screw drive which forces the blade into the cut is bolted to the fixture frame which again is clamped to the billet and gives this arrangement additional rigidity.Saws with horizontal or tilted slides have an open loop force flow and maintain any lost motion and compliance of the feed system.

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Carbide saws with inclined ways

Compared to the conventional horizontal slide saw, the price inclined ways of carbide saw are higher. However, they are identified as most effectively cutting railroad rails saw types due to the saw blade could enter into the rail profile optimally.

Pivot saws

The pivot saw cuts on both sides of the pivot axis, one bar each with the center of rotation of the gearbox was mounted to the floor plate. In order to achieve a more more productive performance,a high-efficiency carbide saw where the pivot axis of the gearbox is fixed on the lower end of the machine bed, for cutting 350 mm (14") billets, has been produced. The force is contained in a close loop and the machine is extremely stiff. In this machine the chip flow is also improved, as the chips are thrown directly onto the chip conveyor.


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Carbide tools are used in machining tough materials with higher quantity production runs,better finish on the part, and allow faster machining. Powder injection molding (PIM) is a manufacturing solution for producing intricate parts in medium to high volumes (10,000 to over 2,000,000 parts annually) using fine (<20 μm) metal or ceramic powders. PIM processes were used to fabricate the proposed carbide alloyed composite parts, which is capable of transforming complex concepts & designs into high precision, high final properties, and net-shaped carbide tools.


PIM is well suited for carbide products weighing from 0.1gm to 250 gm. Cross sections are typically less than 0.25 in. (6.35 mm). However, carbide tool parts are not restricted to this combination of mass and cross section. Tolerances are on the order of ±0.3 to 0.5%, albeit specific dimensions can be held as close as ±0.1%.


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Carbide saws teeth are made of cemented carbide, which are suitable machine tools for hard materials cutting.

If  a carbide tooth  is at a saw blade, the suggested fastening procedures are listed as follows, firstly fabricated according to the saw tooth geometry being held butt-jointed to the prepared front-side abutting surface  of the saw blade and then being attached to the saw blade under addition of heat along the joint between the saw blade and the carbide tooth .

To create favorable process conditions it is suggested that the carbide tooth  is welded to the saw blade by means a focal spot of a laser beam extending over the whole joint length.


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The initial carbide saw was a machine tool with a circular saw blade and silver soldered carbide tips. At present the most popular carbide saw types comprise as follow,



Saw with horizontal slides

One of the most commonly used type of carbide saw. With this design the saw blade is mounted on the gearbox spindle, where it slides on horizontal ways and enters horizontally into the billet. The design idea was adopting telescopic steel way covers and steel aprons to protect the vital components of the saw from high flying chips that are difficult to control.

Saws with vertical slides

In order to take over the production of this type of machine and also built it as a layer saw. The inventor had previously built vertical HSS saws with double round ways and converted them later into carbide saws.Thereafter , the saw blade for this type of saw enters vertically into the material. These saws are often used as layer saws, whereby a multitude of tubes, profiles, or bars can be simultaneously cut horizontally.


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