Tungsten Information

Application of Tungsten

Published on 27 August 2014

Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard materials – namely tungsten carbide – with the remaining major use being in alloys and steels. Less than 10% is used in other chemical compounds.

Hard materials

Tungsten is mainly used in the production of hard materials based on tungsten carbide, one of the hardest carbides, with a melting point of 2770 °C. WC is an efficient electrical conductor, but W2C is less so. WC is used to make wear-resistant abrasives, and "carbide" cutting tools such as knives, drills, circular saws, milling and turning tools used by the metalworking, woodworking, mining, petroleum and construction industries. Carbide tooling is actually a ceramic/metal composite, where metallic cobalt acts as a binding (matrix) material to hold the WC particles in place. This type of industrial use accounts for about 60% of current tungsten consumption.

The jewelry industry makes rings of sintered tungsten carbide, tungsten carbide/metal composites, and also metallic tungsten. WC/metal composite rings use nickel as the metal matrix in place of cobalt because it takes a higher luster when polished. Sometimes manufacturers or retailers refer to tungsten carbide as a metal, but it is a ceramic. Because of tungsten carbide's hardness, rings made of this material are extremely abrasion resistant, and will hold a burnished finish longer than rings made of metallic tungsten. Tungsten carbide rings are brittle, however, and may crack under a sharp blow.

Alloys

The hardness and density of tungsten are applied in obtaining heavy metal alloys. A good example is high speed steel, which can contain as much as 18% tungsten. Tungsten's high melting point makes tungsten a good material for applications like rocket nozzles, for example in the UGM-27 Polaris submarine-launched ballistic missile. Tungsten alloys are used in a wide range of different applications, including the aerospace and automotive industries and radiation shielding. Superalloys containing tungsten, such as Hastelloy and Stellite, are used in turbine blades and wear-resistant parts and coatings.

Armaments

Tungsten, usually alloyed with nickel and iron or cobalt to form heavy alloys, is used in kinetic energy penetrators as an alternative to depleted uranium, in applications where uranium's radioactivity is problematic even in depleted form, or where uranium's additional pyrophoric properties are not required (for example, in ordinary small arms bullets designed to penetrate body armor). Similarly, tungsten alloys have also been used in cannon shells, grenades and missiles, to create supersonic shrapnel. Tungsten has also been used in Dense Inert Metal Explosives, which use it as dense powder to reduce collateral damage while increasing the lethality of explosives within a small radius.

Chemical applications

Tungsten(IV) sulfide is a high temperature lubricant and is a component of catalysts for hydrodesulfurization. MoS2 is more commonly used for such applications.

Tungsten oxides are used in ceramic glazes and calcium/magnesium tungstates are used widely in fluorescent lighting. Crystal tungstates are used as scintillation detectors in nuclear physics and nuclear medicine. Other salts that contain tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries.

Tungsten oxide (WO3) is incorporated into selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts found in coal-fired power plants. These catalysts convert nitrogen oxides (NOx) to nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O) using ammonia (NH3). The tungsten oxide helps with the physical strength of the catalyst and extends catalyst life.

Niche uses

Applications requiring its high density include weights, counterweights, ballast keels for yachts, tail ballast for commercial aircraft, and as ballast in race cars for NASCAR and Formula One; depleted uranium is also used for these purposes, due to similarly high density. 75-kg blocks of tungsten were used as "cruise balance mass devices" on the entry vehicle portion of the 2012 Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft. It is an ideal material to use as a dolly for riveting, where the mass necessary for good results can be achieved in a compact bar. High-density alloys of tungsten with nickel, copper or iron are used in high-quality darts (to allow for a smaller diameter and thus tighter groupings) or for fishing lures (tungsten beads allow the fly to sink rapidly). Some types of strings for musical instruments are wound with tungsten wires.

Sodium tungstate is used in Folin-Ciocalteu's reagent, a mixture of different chemicals used in the "Lowry Assay" for protein content analysis.

Gold substitution

Its density, similar to that of gold, allows tungsten to be used in jewelry as an alternative to gold or platinum. Metallic tungsten is hypoallergenic, and is harder than gold alloys (though not as hard as tungsten carbide), making it useful for rings that will resist scratching, especially in designs with a brushed finish.

Because the density is so similar to that of gold (tungsten is only 0.36% less dense), tungsten can also be used in counterfeiting of gold bars, such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold, which has been observed since the 1980s, or taking an existing gold bar, drilling holes, and replacing the removed gold with tungsten rods. The densities are not exactly the same, and other properties of gold and tungsten differ, but gold-plated tungsten will pass superficial tests.

Gold-plated tungsten is available commercially from China (the main source of tungsten), both in jewelry and as bars.

Electronics

Because it retains its strength at high temperatures and has a high melting point, elemental tungsten is used in many high-temperature applications, such as light bulb, cathode-ray tube, and vacuum tube filaments, heating elements, and rocket engine nozzles. Its high melting point also makes tungsten suitable for aerospace and high-temperature uses such as electrical, heating, and welding applications, notably in the gas tungsten arc welding process (also called tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding).

Tungsten electrode used in a Gas tungsten arc welding torch

Because of its conductive properties and relative chemical inertness, tungsten is also used in electrodes, and in the emitter tips in electron-beam instruments that use field emission guns, such as electron microscopes. In electronics, tungsten is used as an interconnect material in integrated circuits, between the silicon dioxide dielectric material and the transistors. It is used in metallic films, which replace the wiring used in conventional electronics with a coat of tungsten (or molybdenum) on silicon.

The electronic structure of tungsten makes it one of the main sources for X-ray targets, and also for shielding from high-energy radiations (such as in the radiopharmaceutical industry for shielding radioactive samples of FDG). It is also used in gamma imaging as a material from which coded apertures are made, due to its excellent shielding properties. Tungsten powder is used as a filler material in plastic composites, which are used as a nontoxic substitute for lead in bullets, shot, and radiation shields. Since this element's thermal expansion is similar to borosilicate glass, it is used for making glass-to-metal seals.

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How to Make Fishing Jigs 2

Category: Tungsten Information

Published on 27 August 2014

Then quickly take a pinch of heavy silk, lay it against the cement, and wrap a few turns of the wire around it. Then add cement, lay another pinch of heavy silk against it, and tie a few more turns of wire around the heavy silk.

And Keep doing this until you build up a thick body of heavy silk around the hook, concealing most of it except the point and the barb.

When you have the full amount of heavy silk on the fishing jigs head, finish the jig tying by wrapping the rest of the thread as tightly as possible over the jig. Then end it by tying a series of silk-hitches.

Finally, cover the wire wrapping with a heavy coat of clear quick-drying cement.

how-to-make-fishing-jigs

The followings are the finished fishing jigs with this ways.

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Application of Tungsten Alloy in Military Industry

Category: Tungsten Information

Published on 26 August 2014

New materials, also called advanced materials, refer to a kind of new materials which have excellent features and functions, and can satisfy the need of high technology. Military new material is used in the field of military, and is the key to make weapons and equipment better. While the military new materials technology is used in the military field of new materials technology, is the key to the modern weapon equipment. Tungsten has the highest melting point in the metal, and its outstanding advantage is high melting point with good high temperature strength and corrosion resistance, the military industry especially show the characteristics of the excellent weapons manufacturing. In the ordnance industry it is used mainly for a variety of penetrator warhead, main battle tank penetrator with large length to diameter ratio, small and medium caliber anti-aircraft penetrator and hypervelocity kinetic energy penetrator with elastic core material.

Tungsten alloy powder through pretreatment technology and large deformation strengthening technology, refining grain materials, elongated grain orientation, improving the strong toughness of the material and the penetration power. Developed by our country main battle tank type 125 Ⅱ penetrator tungsten core materials for W - Ni - Fe, the variable density compact sintering process, the average performance of tensile strength of 1.2 billion mpa, the elongation of 15% above, vowing index is 2000 m distance breakdown 2000 mm thick homogeneous steel armor.

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Introduction of Tungsten Sheet

Category: Tungsten Information

Published on 26 August 2014

Brief introduction:

Tungsten belongs to rare metals and tungsten cost is different according to various tungsten content.

Tungsten sheet is one of tungsten products. Tungsten sheets are produced by good processing property billets and special cold and hot rolling technology. The crystal structure of tungsten sheet is compact.

The difference between tungsten sheet and tungsten plate is that tungsten sheet is thinner than tungsten plate.

Tungsten sheet can be divided into hot rolling tungsten sheet, warm rolling tungsten sheet and cold rolling tungsten sheet.

Due to the resistance to deformation of tungsten is big, the ordinary mill roll can not totally meet the requirements of tungsten sheet rolling. Some tungsten sheet should be rolled by mill roll made of special material. Before rolling tungsten sheet, manufacturers need preheat the mill roll. The preheating temperature is 100 ℃ to 350 ℃ according to the different rolling conditions. If the relative density of the semifinished tungsten sheet (the actual density and theoretical density ratio) is greater than 90%, then manufacturers can machine the tungsten sheet. If the density of the semifinished tungsten sheet is 92 to 94%, the processability of tungsten sheet is excellent. The blooming temperature of hot rolling is 1350℃ to 1500 ℃. If the deformation technological parameters are improperly selected, then the semifinished tungsten sheet will appear lamination. The blooming temperature of warm rolling is 1200 ℃. Hot rolling tungsten sheet with 8 mm thickness can be rolled into 0.5 mm by warm rolling.

Applications of tungsten sheet:

Tungsten sheet can be used to make tungsten electrodes, tungsten heat elements, tungsten heat shields and tungsten boats for electronics, lightening, electro-vacuum industries.

tungsten sheet specification:

designation	process	delivery condition	size(mm)
			thickness
W1	P/M	cold rolled（Y)	0.10-0.20
			>0.20-0.40
		hot rolled®	>0.40-4.0
			>4.0-6.0

Tungsten sheet Impurities:

Grade		W-1
Impurities	Fe	0.002
(%max)	Si	0.001
	Ca	0.0005
	Mg	0.0005
	Ni	0.001
	Mo	0.002
	P	0.001
	C	0.002
	O	0.002
Application		For tungsten alloys

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Introduction of Tungsten Plate

Category: Tungsten Information

Published on 26 August 2014

Simple Introduction:

We select high quality tungsten powder and produce good processing property blanks with special rolling technology,and then produce tungsten plate .

So tungsten plate has good processing performance and low content of impurities. The crystal structure of tungsten plate is compact.

Tungsten plate has excellent properties, so tungsten plate is widely applied.

As we all know, tungsten belongs to refractory metal. Tungsten plate is machined on the basis of tungsten. Tungsten plate is featured by high intensity and hardness, good abrasion resistance and excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. Due to these characteristics, tungsten plate alloy is widely applied in cutting tools and mining tools.

In addition, tungsten plate has high melting point and tungsten plate is not easily corroded by air, so tungsten plate is mainly used to make tungsten filament and the high-speed cutting alloy steel, superhard mold. Tungsten plate is also used in optical instrument, chemical apparatuses.

What is more, tungsten plate also can be widely used in metallurgical, chemical, electronic, light source, machinery and other industries.

Applications of tungsten plate:

Tungsten plate is suitable to process ion implantation parts and is used to produce lighting source parts and electro-vacuum equipments. Tungsten plate also is used to make tungsten heat elements and tungsten heat shields for furnace.

tungsten plate specification:

designatioqn	process	delivery condition	size(mm)
			thickness
W1	P/M	cold rolled（Y)	0.10-0.20
			>0.20-0.40
		hot rolled®	>0.40-4.0
			>4.0-6.0

Tungsten plate Impurities:

Grade		W-1
Impurities	Fe	0.002
(%max)	Si	0.001
	Ca	0.0005
	Mg	0.0005
	Ni	0.001
	Mo	0.002
	P	0.001
	C	0.002
	O	0.002
Application		For tungsten alloys

Tungsten weight in tungsten plate is more than 99.95%.

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How to Produce Tungstic Acid by Using Tungstate

Category: Tungsten Information

Published on 26 August 2014

Tungstate is anion containing tungsten acid group (WO4 2-) or poly tungsten acid group (W7O24 6-) salt. Some of tungstate exist in the form of hydrate with a strong alkaline solution, but some are difficult soluble, crystal in tungstate contains discrete tetrahedron structure of ions, slow hydrolysis polymerization in aqueous solution, in acidic solution could be quickly aggregated into more acid salt. Tungstate used as functional materials used as ceramic material, catalyst, pigment, preservative and fire prevention agent, also are a good raw material for producing tungsten acid.

How to produce tungstic acid by using tungstate, first of all, tungstate as raw materials, and heating according to the proper amount of tungsten acid salt in the beaker, when heated to boiling, continue to heat the water in the beaker to join the hydrochloric acid, available to the tungsten acid. Tungstate has fixed the dehydration temperature, finished product is actually made by insoluble in water, except hydrofluoric acid, insoluble in other organic acids. Can be used for the mordant, analytical reagent, catalyst, water treatment agents, making fire prevention, waterproof material, and phosphotungstic acid salt, boron tungstate, etc.

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Production Process of Cemented Carbide Ball

Category: Tungsten Information

Published on 26 August 2014

Cemented carbide ball is a kind of powder metallury products with extrusion and sintering , whose production process is similar to other hard alloy products.

Main technological process is: pulverizing to powder → developing formula according to the requirements of USES → wet grinding → mixing → crushing → drying → filtrating → adding forming agent → drying again → getting the mixtrue after filtrating → granulating → cold isostatic pressing → molding →sintering → molding(semifinished product).

Get blank after the ball, according to specific requirement, semifinished product should be do the process of surface finishing , mainly grinding and polishing. After machining precision, it can achieve the mirror effect.

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How to Produce Tungstic Acid by Using White Tungsten Powder

Category: Tungsten Information

Published on 26 August 2014

Molecular formula of tungsten acid is H2WO4, and molecular weight is 249.86. Tungsten acid is slightly soluble in hot water, and soluble in alkali, hydrofluoric acid and ammonia, but hardly soluble in acid. It is mainly used to produce metal tungsten, tungsten wire, tungsten carbide, tungsten acid salts, and used for dyeing and printing auxiliaries.

There should be some raw materials to produce tungsten acid by using the method of white tungsten power: white tungsten powder, hydrochloric acid and water. First of all, adding white tungsten powder, hydrochloric acid and water into slurry preparation groove, and mixing to stir. The slurry density should be mixed to 1.15-1.30, and the acid value should be transferred to 110-130g/L in room temperature of 40-50 ℃.

Then the next is electrochemical decomposition process: the slurry which had been mixed put into electrochemical reaction tank, then transmitting electricity, which is 2 to 6 v and the volume current density is 300-1000a/m, to the tank.

Last but not least, under the condition of stirring, the slurry should be decomposed for one or two hours till the final acid value reach to 20 to 40 g/L, and get H2WO4 and CaCl mixture liquid, then after the processing of filtration, solid tungsten acid product has been formed.

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How to Make Fishing Jigs 1

Category: Tungsten Information

Published on 26 August 2014

The fishing jigs are made up of the two parts, the first part is the head part with a hook and a sinker molded into it.

The second part is the body which is made up of a variety of different items such as plastics or curly tails.

The traditional fishing jigs types use dyed or natural whitetail deer tail hair called a bucktail jig are widely used in the northern and ,midwestern United States, where many anglers still tie the fishing jigs by themselves. In jig tying the bucktail hair around the jig head,the following is the commonly ways of making fishing jigs.

The first step is to prepare the materials such as heavy silk, nylon, or linen thread. Of course, you can also use heavy button cord or sewing thread if you want. Assume that you adopt the heavy silk. The color should be agree with the head of fishing jigs, and generally, white is the best color.

Then, cut off about a 2-foot length of the wire, wrap a few turns of the wire around the fishing jigs head where the bucktail will be onto, and cover this wrapping with clear quick-drying cement.

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Brief Introduction of Tungsten Oxide

Category: Tungsten Information

Published on 25 August 2014

Tungsten oxide is a kind of tungsten acid anhydride, and tungsten acid salts products, including tungsten trioxide and tungsten oxide, and in practical industrial production there is no tungsten oxide product. According to the content of tungsten trioxide, trioxygen tungsten salt can divide into tungsten acid, sodium tungstate, calcium tungstate, secondary ammonium tungstate, partial ammonium tungstate, etc.

English name: Tungsten Oxide, Tungsten Trioxide

CAS: 1314-35-8 Molecular

formula: WO3 Molecular

weight: 231.85

Melting point: 1473 ℃

According to the characteristic thatthe color of tungsten oxide will deeper while heating, tungsten oxide material is one of future development direction of solar cell, in addition, the unique properties of tungsten oxide materials in the photolysis of water hydrogen, chemical and biological sensors, photoelectric catalysis and HTS has important research value, tungsten oxide materials in the production of science and technology in recent years has great and far-reaching influence.

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