The tungsten-titanium (WTi) alloy as the copper wiring diffusion barrier sputtering target has strict requirements on the grain size of the internal structure. For the target of the same composition, the finer and uniform crystal grains, the faster the sputtering rate, the sputter deposition, the better uniformity of film thickness. Studies have shown that the smaller the grain size, the better the properties of the film produced. Therefore, controlling the grain size of the tungsten-titanium alloy target is one of the key factors for obtaining an excellent film.

Nitrogen oxides (NO_x) are the main pollutants causing acid rain and photochemical smog. Their emissions mainly come from fixed sources such as coal-fired boilers, industrial furnaces and mobile sources such as motor vehicle exhaust. With the strengthening of China's environmental protection policy, emission reduction standards are constantly improving and economic operation.

In commerce, phosphotungstic acid is mainly used as catalyst in the homogeneous reaction of tetrahydrofuran to prepare polytetramethylenediol. Normally, the higher the acidity of the phosphotungstic acid catalyst used, the higher its activity, especially the phosphotungstic acid with Keggins structure is most recognized.

Tungsten-based oxide electrochromic film is a phenomenon in which the optical properties of materials change reversibly under the action of applied electric field. It can be applied to building intelligent windows, automotive anti-glare rearview mirrors, display devices and other fields. As a stable non-stoichiometric tungsten oxide, W₁₈O₄₉ can synthesize a variety of microstructures by various wet chemical methods, showing excellent performance in electrochromic, sensor and other fields.

Ethyl acetate is a widely-used fine chemical product widely used in cellulose acetate, ethyl cellulose, chlorinated rubber, vinyl resin, cellulose acetate, synthetic rubber,  paints.Traditionally, the esterification catalytic reaction of ethyl acetate is generally  by using an acid as a catalyst. In addition to the conventional inorganic acid, there is also a solid super acid such as a mesoporous material.

With the rapid development of modern industry, a large amount of industrial wastewater, such as untreated or untreated, is directly discharged into the natural world, causing enormous pollution damage to the environment and seriously affecting human health. Photocatalysis refers to the fact that when the visible light is irradiated onto the semiconductor powder in the aqueous solution, the dye molecules are decomposed into CO2, H2O and the like which are harmless to the environment.

Esterification is an important unit reaction in organic synthesis. In traditional methods, liquid acids such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid and p-toluene sulfonic acid are often used as catalysts. There are some problems such as difficult separation of catalysts from products, high energy consumption, corrosion equipment and environmental pollution.

With the increasing maturity of nano-preparation technology, the development of nano-materials with different morphologies and sizes and the study of the effects of size and morphology on the properties of materials have become one of the main directions of nano-technology research. The traditional inorganic luminescent materials are prepared into nano-materials with certain morphology. The performance of luminescent materials can be further improved by using nano effect.

Esters are widely used as solvents, perfumes and preservatives. They are very important in food, industry, daily chemical industry and pharmaceutical production. Esterification is one of the most important reactions in organic synthesis. It is usually the reaction of organic acids and alcohols to produce esters and water. Traditional schemes have serious environmental pollution.

The tungsten selenide (WSe2) film is one of the top of thermal insulating materials, its thermal conductivity is about one hundred thousandth diamond( apparently the material with the best thermal conductivity). It is the material with the lowest thermal conductivity.