Spain’s Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center has fabricated what it claims is the first 400 mm pure tungsten carbide blank produced by a hybrid Spark Plasma Sintering-Hot Press process. The sintering technique utilises a combination of both induction and joule heating.
cinn The production of the tungsten carbide blank at the facilities of the Multifunctional Materials Development Unit marks an important milestone in the development of the Spark Plasma Sintering technology. The achievement demonstrates the possibility for industrial scale fabrication of large components via the SPS-HP process.



The Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Center is a joint research centre established in 2007 by an institutional initiative of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research, the Government of the Principality of Asturias and the University of Oviedo. These three institutions contribute to the CINN with funding as well as scientific facilities and staff.
The CINN combines a high-quality and internationally competitive interdisciplinary research with scientific and technological demonstration activities and has among its objectives the creation of new technology-based companies.


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Diamond is famously the hardest naturally-occurring material on Earth, and because of this it has long been used for cutting and drilling operations. Whether the operation is downhole drilling for oil and gas, or precision shaping in an engineering workshop, the principle of any cutting is that the tool must be harder than the work piece.
Despite this, diamond hasn’t always been the preferred cutting edge. Along with its exceptional hardness come other properties that limit its usefulness as a cutting tool. Now, however, a new development from hard surfacing specialists Cutting & Wear and advanced surface coating innovator Hardide Coatings has solved many of these problems and has, in effect, created new diamonds that can work harder than the originals.



One of the challenges with diamond as a cutting medium is that its very hardness can make it brittle. Diamond is a pure form of carbon in which the atoms are arranged in a closely packed crystal lattice. In the face-centred cubic (or 'diamond lattice') crystal, each atom is bonded to four neighbours with strong covalent chemical bonds. The result is a uniquely strong crystal structure which tolerates few impurities.
As well as its exceptional strength, the structure of diamond makes it almost completely unreactive to other chemicals, with very high thermal conductivity, a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, an extremely smooth surface, and a very high refractive index. While these properties are useful, and in some cases make larger gemstone diamonds so valuable, they also make the material tricky to use in cutting tools. In particular, the smoothness of the crystal's facets and its chemical inertness means that it has great non-stick qualities. The result is that diamond has poor wettability, and does not work well with adhesives.
This becomes an issue when incorporating diamonds and diamond grit into cutting and drilling tools.

The only effective way to do this has been to encase the particles in the metal matrix, relying on the mechanical strength of the metal to hold it in place. However the thermal expansion of the metal is higher than that of diamond, meaning that its grip will loosen as temperatures rise – as they generally do during cutting operations unless care is taken to cool and lubricate the tool.
Heat presents another difficulty, causing diamond to oxidise and degrade to graphite. Although popular culture holds that 'diamonds are forever', the reality is that at temperatures above 400°C the hardest material on Earth can quickly undergo graphitisation and revert to one of the softest – graphite – especially in the presence of some metals.
Finally, while the anisotropic lattice structure of diamond is very strong, it does present fracture planes along which the crystal can shatter. Constant directional impact can cause brittle fracture in monocrystalline diamond.


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Tungsten market: the first day after the holiday, the tungsten market spot market is more deserted, many businesses wait and see, wait for the guidance issued observed in mid-May giant orders, etc., today tungsten market temporarily stabilized, turnover is rare. May will be the implementation of the New Deal began in January, Minmetals and Ganzhou ITIA monthly price will be more sensitive to changes in the market will not be severe, the flow-based.

Molybdenum market: by the weak support ferromolybdenum market impact, less molybdenum concentrate market inquiry, more prominent signs of weakening. Recent few high-volume transactions, the buyer has to price lower and lower. Expected short-term market weak die hard.


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Tungsten export tariffs canceled this month, the resource tax reform, tax reform policies in this series a little support to the tungsten market, but the actual demand is still not optimistic, the recent tungsten price remains stable or slightly weaker, but the decline narrowed.

Macro level, the central attaches great importance to the economic downward pressure, overweight eight policy steady growth; the overall loss of the steel industry in the first quarter, the country also faces survival test mine; seven weeks after international oil prices rose again bearish.


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April 30, the Ministry of Finance, the National Development and Reform Commission jointly issued a notice requiring the State Council on the implementation of rare earths, tungsten, molybdenum resource tax reform demands clear norms involving rare earths, tungsten, molybdenum fee funds.

Notification requirements, since May 1, 2015, in a nationwide unified rare earth, tungsten, molybdenum mineral resources compensation rates to zero, stopping the collection of rare earth, tungsten, molybdenum price adjustment fund.

Chinese Premier Li Keqiang April 28 chaired a State Council executive meeting, the deployment of policies to improve the import and export of consumer goods, abundant domestic consumer shopping choices; OK accelerate oil products quality upgrading measures to promote air pollution control and technological upgrading of enterprises; decided to implement a rare earth tungsten and molybdenum resource tax reform, promoting rationalize resources tax relationship.

The meeting decided that from May 1, 2015, the rare earths, tungsten, molybdenum resource tax amount levied by the change from ad valorem, and in accordance with the principle of no increase in the corporate tax rate be reasonably determined. Meanwhile, to further clean up and standardize the charges, the rare earth mineral resources compensation rates, tungsten, molybdenum is reduced to zero, stop expropriation price adjustment fund, ban related charges fund local governments below the provincial irregularities established. Establishment of Mineral Resource equity fund system.


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Tungsten Market Quotes: From May 1, 2015, the rare earths, tungsten, molybdenum resource tax amount levied by the change from ad valorem, and in accordance with the principle of no increase in the corporate tax rate be reasonably determined. Tax reform policies in this series a little support to the tungsten market, but the actual demand is still not optimistic, the recent tungsten price remains stable and slightly weaker, but the decline narrowed.

Tungsten cancel export tariffs next month, the resource tax reform, tax reform policies in this series a little support to the tungsten market, but the actual demand is still not optimistic, the recent tungsten price remains stable and slightly weaker, but the decline narrowed.

Macro level, local government debt 2 trillion gap, the Ministry of Finance to finalize the tax reform timetable requirements; a rare quarter crude steel production fell, the steel industry-wide losses; US economic growth stalled in the first quarter only increased slightly by 0.2%.


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1, the export tariff reform: abolish tariffs on most tungsten

Customs Administration: State Council approved the adjustment of export tariffs on some products, as follows: First, the elimination of export tariffs on steel particles, rare earths, tungsten, molybdenum and other products. Second, the aluminum timber products such as zero-rated exports. Third, the above adjustments effective from May 1, 2015.

2, the resource tax reform: ad valorem

Rare earth tungsten and molybdenum resource tax reform, starting from May 1, 2015, will be levied starting from the amount valorem, and not to increase the corporate tax burden in accordance with principles reasonably determine the tax rate. While further clean up and standardize the charges, the rare earth tungsten and molybdenum mineral resources compensation rates drop to zero, stop expropriation price adjustment fund, ban related charges fund local governments below the provincial irregularities established.

3, tungsten businesses temporarily wait and see

Although customs duties and resource tax reform message has been officially released, but the market is still waiting to see the main businesses, tungsten prices and no significant fluctuations, mainly are: ① domestic tungsten market demand remained weak, the lack of direct ore upward price momentum; ② business in the hands funds are tight, caution; ③ time policy reform and the principles generally published, but the resources tax and other relevant details were not clear.


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Tungsten market: tungsten smelter home started smoothly, little change compared with early, dragged down by weak demand, although customs duties and resource tax reform message has been officially released, but the market is still waiting to see the main businesses, tungsten prices and no significant fluctuations. Most manufacturers offer concentrated outside the mainstream in 12.4-12.5 yuan / ton (cash), 125,000 yuan / ton offer rarely heard, upper and lower limits of the relative price range last week slightly lower. Actual transactions, APT low turnover even 123,000 yuan / ton. Recent market sentiment thicker material ore prices stabilize or temporarily based.