In order to target radiation precisely to the diseased tissue, it is necessary to use tungsten alloy multi-leaf collimators.

First of all, X-ray images are produced to determine the precise position and outline of the tumor.An electric motor moves each individual tungsten alloy leaf in the collimator to the correct position – with up to 120 tungsten alloy leaves being used to shape the outline of the tumor with millimeter accuracy. Then, the tumor is exposed to high energy radiation. During this process, the tumor is radiated by turning the gantry with tungsten alloy multi-leaf collimator 360°around the patient. To protect the surrounding healthy tissue, a highly precise tungsten alloy multi-leaf collimator is necessary. Thus, the more tungsten alloy leaves means the highly precise of multi-leaf collimator.

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Process of tungsten carbide cutting tools abrasive wear in detail can be devided into the following steps: a surface layer bonded tungsten carbide cuttingtools with mobile; increase grain plastic strain;; plastic deformation fracture binder phase single grain; grain between fracture; grain pull out from the base.

Under different experimental conditions, the degree of tungsten carbide cutting tools abrasive wear appears different. For example, tungsten carbide cutting tools in a smaller case load is much less abrasive wear than that in the case of large pressure.



In the initial phase of tungsten carbide cutting tools abrasive wear, the binder phase material contacts the inner surface of a certain depth range of Co plastic deformation and micro-abrasion in the role of friction surface Co is out from between the WC grains. With the loss of Co binder phase, surface damage the integrity of  tungsten carbide cutting tools, WC skeleton becomes unstable, cracks between the WC grains, so that part of the particles start to pull out from the surface of the substrate. When the friction surface is extruded and Co and WC particles reach a certain number, abrasion enter a relatively balanced steady-state level. In this case, loss of WC particles begin to appear in the form of abrasive grains, laminated in the outside world, the formation of tungsten carbide cutting tools abrasive wear.

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Tungsten carbide cutting tools abrasion resistance importance mainlyinclude two aspects. First, tungsten carbide material is a high hardness, high toughness and high wear resistance and other features in one of the materials with a wide range of applications in industry. Tungsten carbide cutting tools is tool-oriented products in CNC machining, With the development of high-speed machining technology and CNC machine tool technology, it requires tungsten carbide cutting tools have a low wear rate and thus ensure the machining accuracy of the workpiece.

Tungsten carbide cutting tools abrasion resistance importance on the other includs pollution reduction.From the viewpoint of environmental protection, in order to reduce pollution of cutting fluid, reduce development cost of production, green manufacturing, emerging technologies such as dry cutting requirements of tungsten carbide cutting tools in maintaining excellent tribological properties under worse conditions. In a word, tungsten carbide cutting tools abrasion resistance importanceis evident, it determines the merits of carbide cutting tools.

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Local instantaneous temperature of solid tungsten carbide tools too high.is the main factor that affects solid tungsten carbide tools grinding cracks.

Local instantaneous temperature of solid tungsten carbide tools too high.will form a surface layer of shallow ground pressure stress distribution and high tensile stress near the surface layer, causing further solid tungsten carbide tools grinding surface layer changes in mechanical properties. This instantaneous high temperature up to 1000 ℃, the surface layer of solid carbide tools cause grinding burn. Tool grinding burn will destroy the surface layer of tissue, so that the deterioration of the quality of the surface, seriously affecting the strength of solid tungsten carbide cutting tools, wear resistance and service life; therefore cause solid tungsten carbide tools grinding cracks.

Thus, in the grinding process should be to minimize and prevent instantaneous high temperature generation, will reduce and avoid the residual tensile stress. Therefore, not only to prevent solid tungsten carbide tools grinding cracks, we must also avoid grinding burn.
 

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Sub-micron tungsten powder is obtained through oxidation twice and reduction three times. The samples are characterized by laser particle size analyzer and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Violet tungsten oxide (VTO) is prepared with ammonium paratungstate (APT) in the argon gas. Tungsten powder is obtained with VTO through deoxidation in the hydrogen gas (Rate of purity: 99.99%, dew point: -40°C), and tungsten powders are oxidized in the air. Tungsten oxide WO3 is reduced into tungsten powders in hydrogen gas again. The routes are repeated. The volume percent content of submicron tungsten powder between 0.1 μm and 1.0 μm is 95.73 %.

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With the development of economy and society, the increasingly serious problem of environmental pollution, especially water pollution it has become a major challenge for humanity. There is a large proportion of antibiotic wastewater in the current water pollution, and its hard to degrade in the environment and continuing to accumulate which are serious threats to the ecological environment and human health. Nano-materials technology for solving problems related to energy and environmental issues gets more and more attention. Because nano-semiconductor materials have better photocatalytic activity is widely used in catalytic degradation of pollutants in water. Nano tungsten trioxide is one important class of semiconducting material, it has good photocatalytic properties.  

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Nano tungsten trioxide has a larger surface effect, is an important catalytically active material. It has good catalytic performance, but also for both primary catalyst co-catalysts. And it has the high selectivity with other corresponding reaction. After some related studies, it was found that the reduction or doped of WO3 join the active ingredient or modified will enhance its catalytic properties. Because the catalytic properties and physicochemical properties of WO3 was influent by incineration temperature, the preparation method so it can be used for hydrodesulfurization process, selective catalytic reduction of NOx, ectopic of olefins and other reactions. Acidic tungsten-based catalysts can be applied paraffins isomerization. Photocatalytic tungsten trioxide is a new field of catalysis. Many different semiconductor material is used as a photocatalyst for the decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen, light energy conversion rate of tungsten trioxide is not high, but because of simple preparation process of high purity WO3, near UV and light-emitting area has a strong the absorbent, the electrolyte can be maintained in a variety of long-term stability, which are made as a photocatalyst WO3 can exhibit better performance.

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At present, the detection of gases mainly oriented for hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, ammonia, ethanol, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), gas pipelines and other reducing gas, flammable gas and toxic gas. Sensitive material is widely used mainly SnO2, ZnO, SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, WO3 and other metal oxide materials. Tungsten trioxide developed in recent years is kind of a semiconductor material having excellent gas sensing properties. It is reported that the polycrystalline semiconductor powder particle size and surface area have an impact on its gas sensing properties. Nano WO3 particles have excellent gas sensing characteristics which is benefited from his small, large surface area, significant surface effect and quantum effects exhibits. Using thermal decomposition method to get WO3 material and the size of it is less than 100nm. Then add SiO2 into it, so that the original nano materials will have good sensitivity, selectivity, and short response time for NH3. WO3 can react with hydrogen and alkali metal and causing ionic reaction. Pt doping of WO3 gas sensing as insulation in the air it is suitable for monitoring hydrogen leak.

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WO₃ film is a new type of functional material, which has a wide range of applications in smart windows, a large area flat-panel displays, gas sensor, and so on the field. But because WO₃ Films has some shortcomings, such as discoloration and sensitivity is not high, it was a lot of restrictions in the application. In order to improve its performance so that it can be widely used and there has three way to optimize: one is preparing a novel surface topography WO₃ film, the second is the preparation of nanometer WO₃ composite film, third film doped WO₃ modified. With further research to expand, the need to find new chemicals, new fetters, explore preparation and preparation parameters appropriate to improve the surface appearance of the film become a hot topic.

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Tungsten trioxide is low toxicity, to human eye and skin it has some irritation. In the operation, if you contact or inhalation tungsten trioxide it will cause systemic weakness, fever, rash or proteinuria. So that you should to rinse body or eyes with water in time, escaping from the scene quickly to fresh air and keep smooth breathing, if necessary and timely medical treatment in serious condition. Tungsten trioxide is non-flammable, but it easy reacts with halogen compound such as bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride and produces harmful toxic fumes. To wear protective equipment and using fire extinguishers quickly fled the scene if the explosion happens. Because WO3 has a certain risk, so their disposal and storage should also more careful. It should be placed in a cool, ventilated the Treasury, away from fire and heat sources to prevent direct sunlight. Avoid bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride mixing reservoir. All operators should be highly specialized training, and strictly abide by the rules, and to wear protective masks and clothing.

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