Tungsten recycle in tungsten carbide cutting tools at home and abroad has three main methods: melting method,mechanical crushing, electrolysis, melting method also includes saltpeter and zinc melting method, introduced here tungsten carbide cutting tools zinc melting method.

Principleof tungsten carbide cutting tools zinc melting method is that zinc and cobalt in tungsten carbide cutting tools form zinc-cobalt alloy, cobalt matrix cause swelling immersion, and then vacuum distilled zinc, the tungsten carbide cutting tools become porous body and then milled to obtain crushed tungsten carbide - cobalt mixed powder.

Advantages of c tungsten carbide cutting tools zinc melting method are short process, low cost, high efficiency and low energy consumption, the disadvantage is that it requires special equipment and technology.

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Tungsten recycle in tungsten carbide cutting tools is very important.On the one hand, China's tungsten resources for sustainable development mandate of extremely arduous.China has large reserves of tungsten resources in general, but black tungsten mining based pattern has not been fundamentally changed, wolframite reserves fall too fast. According to the existing exploitation rate, about 10 years, China’s existing reserves will be depleted and wolframite.

On the other hand, the importance of tungsten recycle in tungsten carbide cutting tools reflect in the following aspects: recovery in more than 50% of tungsten resources used in the manufacture of tungsten carbide cuting tools, and tungsten carbide cuting tools is one of the main application of mode carbide materials. China is the world's largest producer of tungsten carbide cuting tools, tungsten carbide cuting tools due to its high hardness, wear resistance, hot hardness, excellent corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, etc., so that it modern tool in the field of materials occupies a pivotal position . More than 40 percent of tungsten carbide cuting tools for the production of cemented carbide, and production of tungsten carbide cutting tools consumes a lot of metal tungsten. Thus, the importance of tungsten recycle in tungsten carbide cutting tools is self-evident.

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During the wood machining, as the energy is passed from the tungsten carbide woodcutting tool edge to the wood, so the cutting tool performance could be generally evaluated by the cutting edge profile.



Although the sharper the edge is, the more efficient in focusing the energy will be, it indicates a fast edge deterioration as the same time.Typical cutting edge wear, when cutting wood, is progressive tool nose rounding, which is different from that found when metals are machined in which crater and flank wear often predominate. This typical wear profile consists of a rounded edge joining the rake and clearance faces such that negative rake and clearance angles are produced. The profile has been found to be independent of the tool used or the wood being cut.


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Tungsten target is made from raw ground tungsten powder, which has been widely applied in X-Ray tube, thin-film material, semi-conductor integrated circuit, medical and smelting equipment, rare earth smelting, aerospace and many other fields. Tungsten target’s production process in briefly is that pressing the tungsten powder into form and sintering, then hot isostatic pressing, bloomed, cold rolling, annealing, cutting, machining and bonding with a copper backing plate. 

Tungsten target production process:

To form its shape, we can use metal smelting, powder metallurgy, non-metallic powder method and vacuum melting, hot or cold sintering molding methods.

By forging, hot or cold, then heat-treated to eliminate stress profiles and homogenized or by high temperature sintered to increase its density,

Then to complete the final product, we should the treated sections of turning, milling, planing, grinding and other machining process, and then washing and drying.

Sometimes it needed to bind with oxygen-free copper backplane ground after some target metallization.

We can package the tungsten target product after testing by ultrasonic or X-rays and other methods.

 

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Generally ,there are three typical cutting edge wear forms of a tungsten carbide woodcutting tool  regarded to its working environment and tool life, which may occur simultaneously. The three types could be cataloged as rounding wear, free surface wear and erosive wear.



Depending on geometric descriptions of the worn, the tool nose rounding could be examined. Rounding wear defines the rounding off of the cutting edge so that it has a constant radius. Free surface wear defines a combination of rounding wear and in addition flattening of the edge occurs. Erosive wear occurs in the area close to the cutting edge. There are many ways in which to describe the changing wear profile , simply the three dimensional descriptions are listed as, the edge recession from the original edge parallel to the rake face(RR), the cutting edge offset(CEO) and the nose width(NW).


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Tungsten target namely tungsten sputtering target，which owns high melting point, elasticity, low coefficient of thermal expansion, resistivity and fine heat stability and other properties.

Tungsten target is made from tungsten powder by spraying tungsten powder, sintering and other production processes. Tungsten target properties:

Density:≥99%;

Average grain diameter of transparent:≥100um;

Oxygen-containing:≤20ppm;

Wrestling deflection characteristic is about 500Mpa;

By increasing raw metal powder production, improving the sintering ability to make tungsten target costs stabilized at a low price and have quality assurance. Conventional pressing and sintering methods can not achieve a high level of transparency framework of new sintering and can’t improve the resulting deflection wrestling, so that a significant reduction in particulate matter occurs.

 

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It is known that the cutting edge changes during use, which leads to changes of the strength and wear resistance of the tool and the force system with time. Therefore re-shapern and change should be taken place, when cutting edges reach a critical condition. Given the various tungsten carbide woodcutting tool combinations, the critical conditions need to be assessed for each combination separately. Cleaning the tools at regular intervals limits wear. Uncleaned knives lead to bad quality in wood products, shortens the cutting length and increases the cutting forces. Dirt particles can also act as abrasive wear particles during further cutting.

Frequently cutting edges do not wear evenly and due to a local wear ‘difference’ have to be changed even though they are still operational. The amount of edge recession was found to vary with board density variation, giving a jagged profile.
 

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Tungsten sputtering target is made of tungsten powder. Tungsten sputtering target owns three types: flat-target type, arc-target type and rotary target type.

Because target quality will directly affect film performance, so the tungsten sputtering targets must meet the following requirements:

High purity; the higher purity of the tungsten sputtering target, the better effect of spray sputtered film and electrical and optical properties, and the stronger of corrosion resistance. In general, semiconductor devices and monitors purity of tungsten sputtering target have more stringent requirements, for example, a magnetic thin film of tungsten target purity requirements is generally above 99.9%.

High density;

Small grain size;

Low impurity content; tungsten sputtering target, as a cathode, its main sources of pollution is from the pores of oxygen in the water and solid impurities. We can obtain the higher purity of tungsten sputtering target by lowering the impurity content.

Even composition and homogeneous structure are required.

 

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When using tungsten carbide inserts in green oak machining, some typical degradation would be identified by examining its wear mechanisms.

There is no attack occurred between tungsten carbide grains and the extractives when the cobalt binder is removed from the interstices. Some researchers suggested that the depth of the cobalt binder is removed, is of the order of the tungsten carbide grain size at any stage in the life of a tool. It also suggested that wear occurs primarily by preferential dissolution of the binder phase though chemical attack by the extractives present in the Oak which is then followed by loss of individual carbide grains when the strength of the remaining WC-Co-bond is insufficient to resist action of the shear forces caused by motion of chip and wood over the tool face. This motion would, in addition, be responsible for removing any corrosion reaction products which may form during cutting. Such a mechanism is fundamentally different to that which usually occurs in metal cutting.
 

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Tungsten sputtering target is made of tungsten powder. Tungsten sputtering target owns three types: flat-target type, arc-target type and rotary target type.

Tungsten sputtering target operating principle:
In a high vacuum chamber, applying orthogonal magnetic fields and electric fields to the anode and the cathode (the sputtered target pole) and filling a required inert gas (argon, etc.).Then, the permanent magnet will create a magnetic field and compose a crossed electric and magnetic field with high voltage electric field in the target material surface. Under the influence of an electric field, argon gas will ionizing (ions and electrons), which is emitted from the target electrode of the electron magnetic field will be in the vicinity of the cathode and can form a high density plasma. Under Lorenzo magnetic effect, Ar ions are accelerated to fly to the target surface and bombard the target surface at a faster rate, and then sputtered out from the target atoms will be greater momentum toward the substrate and the deposited in film.

 

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