Due to its high density, excellent absorption behaviour against radiation, and environmental friendly characteristic, tungsten alloy can be the best choice to produce container inspection tungsten radiation shield. Container inspection tungsten radiation shield is usually used in container inspection system as the main components of gamma radiation detectors, gamma radiation detectors, and neutron radiation detectors. Those detectors can be used in ports, prisons, and border, which can detect weather mass destruction weapons, explosives, weapons, drugs and undeclared goods are hiding in the vehicles.

The photograph below shows the tungsten alloy radiation shielding in container inspection.

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Tungsten carbide buttons are widely applied in geological prospecting, coal mining and oil well boring. Because of its high wear resistance, high bending strength and high hardness, tungsten carbide button is ideally suited for wear parts, other machine parts and dies which are subject to severe service conditions, such as high temperatures, corrosion and abrasion.
Proper usage of tungsten carbide button can avoid button cracking and bending, save physical labor and working time, promote work efficiency.

Figure out the essence of rock drilling is very important. Through study the density and hardness of rock, use the proper grade of tungsten carbide button. Thus avoid the improper use of tungsten carbide button which may cause severe damage due to the over-high pressure. During the drill process, observe the drilling pressure, use the correct drilling method, and stop using tungsten carbide button if it gets blunt. 


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During the rock drilling process, tungsten carbide button works by impact crushing on hard rock in order to drill holes on the rock. As a result tungsten carbide button will have friction and crash with the rock. It will cause unavoidable abrasion. Before it cracks, abrasion is a normal failure mode of tungsten carbide button.

Tungsten carbide button bit fails because of abrasion which can not drill rock any more. During the crashing and friction, hard grain in the rock penetrates into the soft binder layer of tungsten carbide button. In the later process, tungsten carbide grain spalls and a small part of tungsten carbide button is worn. Under the continuous pressure of rock drilling machine, tungsten carbide button keeps being abrasive and the contact area between rocks enlarges, tungsten carbide grain spalls little by little. At last tungsten carbide button can no longer be used.


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As mentioned in the chemical vapor deposition method, the coatings of tungsten carbide insert could increase the plastic deformation resistance, but the tool properties like edge toughness is impaired.

Difficultly from CVD method, the coatings generated by physical vapor deposition are thinner, although the ability of protection against heat and plastic deformation is weak, they offers great edge integrity which in turn yields an desired protection against edge chipping.

Generally, it is quite difficult to simultaneously lever up all tungsten carbide insert properties as there are numerous properties of both the protective coating and tungsten carbide substrate and the combination.


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For coated tungsten carbide insert,the main coating issues related to machining of steel , stainless steels or cast iron and other milling operations are delamination or cracking of the protective coating.

It is known that, during machining, the cutting edges of tungsten carbide insert are worn because of different wear mechanism such as, chemical wear, abrasive wear and adhesive wear. In addition, if the cutting speed is high, there will be a considerable amount of heat occurs in cutting zone and a plastic deformation is likely to generate, which for a payback, an enhanced wear will be triggered as a consequence of delamination or coating cracking.


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As an alternative option, adding cubic carbides such as TiC, Tac or NbC also could increase the coated tungsten carbide insert plastic deformation resistance. But it should be noticed that it also has a negative effect on edge chipping tendencies.

Since the constitution of the applied wear resistant surface coating is a vital factor in the tool properties, it could also increase the plastic deformation resistant. When adopting chemical vapor deposition , the coating tends to be thicker and more wear resistant, and the insert’s plastic deformation resistant is improved however a larger extent impair edge toughness is likely to occur.


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It is claimed that the cutting performance of coated tungsten carbide insert regarded to specific wear type could be improved by single actions but the side effect will be pronounced at the same time when examining other wear properties. As a result, in order to get an optimization tool performance, a decent design of coated tungsten carbide insert should take all these properties into account and make balance  among them. One important balance in terms of milling alloyed steels with tungsten carbide insert is between cutting edge plastic deformation and edge chipping resistance.

Decreasing the binder content is one of the most common way to level up the resistance to plastic deformation and abrasive wear resistance. However this method will bring down the toughness of the cutting insert, as the vibrations and presence of casting or forging skin are affected by these factors, what’s more it will largely short the tool life.


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Tungsten tube is processing by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), the tensile strength of which is about 300-500Pa, and is comparable to the preparation annealed tungsten rods’ by arc melting, powder metallurgy method, swaging after electron beam melting and other methods.

The tungsten tube, after vacuum annealing treatment (a diameter of 6mm and a wall thickness of 1.5mm), whose tensile performance test results show that the tensile strength is about 380Pa.

Testing the tensile performance of tungsten tube which has different processes with different diameters, wall thicknesses after vacuum annealing, its tensile fracture morphology will representing brittle intergranular fracture. In preparation of tungsten tube, whose deposition defects have a significant impact on its tensile performance. For example, when the impurity particles present on the surface of deposit matrix, the tungsten tube will has surface defects, in the stretching process, breakage occurs along this portion, so the tensile strength of tungsten tube will greatly decrease.


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Using CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method to prepare the tungsten tube, deposition temperature controlled at about 500 ℃ -700 ℃.

Cut loop measurement using tungsten tube residual stress results indicate that the presence of residual stress tungsten tube in the circumferential direction. The size of the residual stress with increasing tungsten tube diameter decreases; with the deposition temperature increases. This result is consistent with the hardness test results.

The measurement results by X-ray diffraction showed that the residual stress along the outer surface of the tungsten tube diameter direction is the residual tensile stress, the tangential direction of the tube, the axial residual stress is the residual stress. And after annealing tungsten tube surface residual stress decreases. After stress relief annealing treatment, the surface of the deposited layer tangential, axial compressive residual stresses into tensile residual stress. This will result in certain conditions, the deposition of tungsten tube during the subsequent use will crack.


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At different deposition temperatures (between 500 ℃and 700 ℃), the preparation of tungsten tube is obtained by CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition). Tungsten tube handled under the following conditions: annealing at the temperature of 1200 ℃, and holding time for 1h in vacuum annealing furnace. Compare the measurement result of the cross-section micro-hardness of tungsten tube with annealing treatment to the one without annealing; the former’s hardness fall and its cross-section distribution of the hardness value tend to be more uniform. Thanks to the annealing process, residual stress of tungsten tube (caused by column crystal squeezing each other in the process of film layer deposition and the contraction of the copper matrix) is reduced. It can be seen, tungsten tube prepared by CVD method can get high hardness (500-800HW).


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