Thorium tungsten electrode, which has excellent welding performance, is widely used in DC welding fields. In several tungsten electrodes, its welding performance is the best, so it has the highest markets share on a global scale. But because thorium tungsten electrode (in metallurgy and rolling, grinding and polishing process) can give out a small amount of radiation (radioactive contamination), the Western countries has limited its production, but its use is not restricted. Nonetheless, people still gradually shift their attention to other types of tungsten electrodes, such as, lanthanum tungsten electrode and cerium tungsten electrode. That is because most of their applications have shown good performance, and they do not produce radiation Pollution. Because thorium oxide in thorium tungsten electrode will produce small quantities of radiation, so, when using it to welding, be sure to keep a good ventilation environment; and when the welding is finished, the welding head should be properly disposed.

Cerium tungsten electrode (add thorium oxide - ThO₂ to tungsten) grade and standard

Advantages of cerium tungsten electrode
1. Compared with pure tungsten electrode, its welding performance is better, for example, it owns better electrical conductivity, nicer mechanical cutting performance, lower electronic work function and other good performance.
2. Easy to operate, and it can work well even in overload current.



 

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Method one:
Under vacuum conditions, the temperature is controlled at about 150 ℃; heating the lanthanum acetate, whose crystallization water number has not determined, to a constant weight, to obtain anhydrous lanthanum acetate.

Method two:
1. Weigh 10g of lanthanum acetate monohydrate, pouring it into 500mL capacity of a round bottom flask, and the add 100mL of DMF (dried), shaking the flask, so that lanthanum acetate (insoluble in DMF) can be dissolved in DMF as much as possible.
2. Add 150mL of anhydrous benzene, to separate out La (CH3COO) 3 • DMF.
3. The crystals are collected by filtration and washed with ether. And then place it in a vacuum desiccator for conservation, which is containing anhydrous calcium chloride and phosphorus pentoxide.
4. Place the crystals (Abu obtained Hatton) in drying apparatus, at the temperature of 210 ℃, heating (which can also use naphthalene as a heat bath) it to remove DMF, then anhydrous acetic acid lanthanum can be gotten.

 

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This article tells about the procedures on another synthesis method of lanthanum acetate preparation. Lanthanum acetate is the raw material for preparing the lanthanum tungsten electrode.

The experimental preparation procedure is shown as bellow:

1. Weigh 10g of lanthanum oxide, and then dissolve it in 50% acetic acid solution, whose capacity is 500mL, and heat it with a steam bath. Generally, lanthanum oxide can be completely dissolved, if a small amount of oxide remaining in the bottom of the container, then it needs to be filtered.

2. Place the resulting supernatant on the 75 ℃ water bath, and heat it to remove most of the solvent.

3. Until the solution is cooled and then precipitates crystals, then filter crystals, and then place it in a vacuum dryer, which is equipped with particulate NaON and magnesium perchlorate; dry it by evacuating to get lanthanum acetate hydrate.

 

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This article tells the procedures about one of the synthesis methods of lanthanum acetate preparation, lanthanum acetate, which is the raw material of lanthanum tungsten electrode; its preparing experimental procedure can be seen as follows:

1. Weighing 5g lanthanum oxide, then adding it to a round bottom flask, whose capacity is 500mL and is filled with 200mL acetic anhydride, and then suspension liquid, can be obtained.

2. Heating the flask, what can be seen from the bottom of the container is the deposited product, and then makes it reflux until the reaction is over; the time needed is approximately from 6 to 10h.

3. Removing and placing the product in a vacuum dryer, which containing solid NaOH and anhydrous calcium chloride, and then drying it for two days; after that, putting the product in a vacuum dry gun, drying it , the temperature is controlled at 100 ℃ around.



 

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Exploration 

The state also put emphasis on tungsten resource exploration. No.908 and 909 geologic exploration teams were established in 1952. There were 6 large tungsten deposits (Xihuashan, Dajishan, Pangushan, Tieshanlong, Piaotang, Huamei’ao), 17 middle deposits and 20 small deposits and other 200 smaller tungsten containing mines in Ganzhou.




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After the year of 1949, Chinese government put great importance on tungsten mine production in Ganzhou. The non-ferrous metal general administration of heavy industry ministry was set up in 1950, with Jiangxi sub-bureau and southern Jiangxi area administrative office in Ganzhou. Daji Mountain, Guimei Mountain, Pangu Mountain and many other mines became state-operated. In October, 1950, the first automated dressing plant (125T per day) was started to be built in Daji Mountain. In 1953, Daji, Xihua, Guimei mines and Shangyou hydraulic power station were listed in the 156 national projects in the first 5-year plan. In 1954, the government approved the expansion of Daji and Xihua and the design of Guimei, with respective processing ability of 1600T/day, 1785T/day, 1560T/day. In Daji mine, main production line was automated. In the same year in Dayu county, Hong Shui, Dang Ping ...mines were built. Since 1955, all mines started to use wet drill and fan ventilation to improve automation level and protect miners’ health. In May 23, 1975, the national news paper “People’s Daily” and Central Radio reported no silicosis had been found for 20 years.

By the end of 50s, the local government started to operate tungsten mines. Tungsten industry in Ganzhou was combined by local and state-operated mines.

There appeared many advanced collectives and individuals in this period. During the 30 years, 570,000 tons of tungsten concentrate were supplied.


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In later 1930s, the KMT government carried out the system of state -monopoly purchase and marketing of tungsten mines and set up a tungsten administrative office of resource committee in Ganzhou. A magnetic separator was imported from Germany to dress high-tin tungsten. To some degree, Tungsten mines in Ganzhou played an active role in enhancing the economic strength.

In 1940s, tungsten factories in Ganzhou started its mechanizing production.  Some simple technologies were adopted in production.

As to the geology exploration, the geology institute successively compiled "Gannan Tungsten Mine Records", “The past and present of Jiangxi Tungsten Industry", "Deep Research of Gannan Tungsten Mine" and so on.

In this period, the output was 250,000 tons of concentrate, which were mainly produced by handwork.






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In 1932, China Tungsten Ore Company was founded in Yudu. Central bank president Mao Zemin was appointed as the general manager. The company supplied 7,890 tons of tungsten concentrate, which was the main source of the financial income of RMB 6.2 million. It contributed greatly to the social development at that time.

The German missionary Mr. Wilhelm discovered tungsten in 1907 in Mount Xihua ofGanzhou where is the first place that tungsten was discovered in China. It was from then on that China’s history of extracting tungsten began. From 1907 to 1914, the annual output of tungsten ore was less than 20 tons, only accounting for about 0.24% of the world’s output. In 1917, tungsten ore was discovered in Dayu, Chongyi, Quannan, Dingnan and Shangyou County. The local people started mining tungsten ore. By 1918, the output of Ganzhou’s tungsten ore was more than 10,000 tons, taking up 60% of the whole world’s output. Afterwards, tungsten ore was discovered in Yudu and Ganxian. The government then paid great attention to the abundant tungsten resources in Ganzhou. In 1929, the first official geology report on tungsten, Gannan Geology and Mineral Survey Report was composed in Ganzhou.




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There are some marks and furrows on the surface of metal nozzle, which is due to dynamic action under high pressure atomizing gas or CWS driven harder than many of the high-speed impact of metal materials mineral nozzle wall. And the directions of these particles is uncertain so that the erosion effects are also different, such as some embedded in the material surface, some produce furrows on surface, as well as some cut metals and push it to both sides for forming a ridge. After that particles will roll it out. Therefore, the main abrasive mechanism of metal nozzle is plastic deformation and micro-cutting.

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WC tungsten carbide has good hardness and can work under high pressure, which grind compound of jet can be pressed by water static pressure. However, tungsten carbide is weak in tensile strength and impact ductility, which belongs to fragile materials. Therefore, it is necessary to consider about its structure for improving the strength when nozzle processing. The most useful method is to exert prestressing force, which inlays in carbide surface to improve tensile stress in case of broken. In addition, tungsten carbide high pressure nozzle mainly uses cylindrical bore in order to bundling jet-flow, which most widely used in cutting metal and nonmetal plates. The pressure range from 200 to 400MPa and its core of nozzle is different other nozzles.

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