Activation of tungsten oxide with inorganic substances can reduce the operating temperature of the sensor and improve its response to various gases. This is due to heterojunctions occurring when tungsten oxide and porous silicon carbon nanotube composites are bonded to each other. Such a heterostructure can effectively improve the response characteristics. Porous silicon and carbon nanotubes can provide more gas adsorption sites, thereby improving the response characteristics.

The barrier model is a barrier formed within the semiconductor when the metal and the semiconductor are in contact. For metals and semiconductors, they have different work functions. The barrier model was originally thought to be caused by the fact that metals and semiconductors have different work functions and the contact potential differences they generate when they are in contact. Experiments in recent years have shown that semiconductor surface states have a very important influence on the formation of barriers.

Graphene is a two-dimensional planar material with a six-membered ring structure. Its unique electronic structure and atomic structure have made graphene a widespread concern in the field of gas sensors such as tungsten oxide sensors. Semiconductor materials produced by compounding graphene and tungsten oxide have excellent optical, electrical, and mechanical properties.

With the development of sensor technology, the research direction of semiconductor gas sensors is developing toward normal temperature, integration, and low power consumption. Tungsten oxide has attracted the attention of researchers because of its high sensitivity. Researchers have achieved room temperature detection by changing the activation mode. However, tungsten oxide room temperature sensors still have the disadvantages of low sensitivity, slow response recovery, and poor selectivity and stability. These defects are also the challenges faced by the practical use of room temperature tungsten oxide gas sensors.

Adding metal elements to the tungsten oxide sensor can significantly improve the sensor response characteristics and reduce the sensor operating temperature. Metal catalysts such as iron and titanium can increase the surface reaction sites of tungsten oxide sensors. However, precious metal catalysts such as silver and platinum can not only provide surface active sites, but also can change the electron concentration of the conduction band of the tungsten oxide sensor by doping, thereby improving the characteristics of the tungsten oxide sensor.

A lead-containing tungsten oxide sensor is prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and the operating temperature is lowered to room temperature. The hydrothermally synthesized tungsten oxide gas-sensitive material has better gas-sensitivity than the tungsten oxide gas-sensitive material prepared by the mechanical mixing method and the pure tungsten oxide gas-sensitive material. The addition of lead effectively changed the response characteristics of the sensor. The sensitivity to hydrogen at room temperature was 34 and the response time was 24 s. And it has very good selectivity and repeatability.

Electrospinning is a special form of tungsten oxide polymer fluid electrostatic atomization. The tungsten oxide split by atomization at this time is not a tiny droplet, but a tiny jet of polymer, which can run for a long distance and eventually solidify into a tungsten oxide fiber.

The leakage current of the tungsten oxide ceramic varistor under the action of the applied voltage is a decreasing process with time. This shows that the grain boundary barrier model of tungsten oxide varistors is different from conventional varistors such as zinc oxide.

Researchers have found that ultraviolet and visible light can provide energy for the surface chemical reaction of tungsten oxide gas-sensitive materials, thereby accelerating the rate of chemical reactions, thereby improving its gas-sensing properties. The study found that ultraviolet light affects the gas-sensitive properties of tungsten oxide gas mainly through two aspects: